Skeletal Study Guide Flashcards
Long Bone
have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are the forearm and thigh bones
Short Bone
Somewhat cubelike, with their lengths and and widths roughly equal. Examples are the bones of the wrist and ankles
Flat Bone
platelike structures with broad surfaces, such as the ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull.
Irregular Bone
have a variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones. They include the vertebrae that comprise the backbone and many facial bones
Round Bone
also called sesamoid bones. They are usually small and nodular and are embedded within tendons adjacent to joints. Example is the kneecap (patella).
Epiphysis
Articulates (forms a joint) with another bone
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone, between the epiphyses
Periosteum
fibrous connective tissue covering on the surface on a bone.
Compact bone
Dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons (Haversian systems) with no spaces.
Spongy Bone
The epiphyses are composed largely of this. It is also called cancellous bone. Consists of numerous branching bony plates.
Marrow
Connective tissue in spaces and in bones that includes blood-forming stem and progenitor cells.
Intramembranous bone
Bones that form from membranelike layers of primitive connective tissue.
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Osteoclasts
Cells that erode bone
Ossification
The formation of bone tissue
Endochrondral bones
Bones that originate as hyaline cartilage and are subsequently replaced by bone
Suture
Twenty-two bones in the human skull are firmly interlocked along these things
Fibrous joint
Two or more bones by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous joint
Two or more bones that joined by cartilage
Synovial joint
Freely movable joints
Ball and socket joint
consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. Such a joint allows wider range of motion than does any other kind, permitting movements in all planes, as well as rotational movement around around a central axis. The shoulder and hips have joints of this type
Condyloid joint
an oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone, such as in the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges. This type of joint permits a variety of movements in different planes; rotational movement, however, is not possible
Gliding joint
also called plane joints. Articulating surfaces of these joints are flat or slightly curved. Most of the joints within the wrist, ankle, and those between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae belong to this group. They allow sliding and twisting movements. The sacroiliac joints and the joints formed by the ribs connecting with the sternum are also these joints.
Hinge joint
the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another, as in the elbow and the joints of the phalanges. Such a joint resembles the hinge of a door in that it permits movement in one place only
Pivot joint
the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament. Movement is limited to the rotation around the central axis. The joint between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna is of this type
Saddle joint
forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other. This physical relationship permits a variety of movements, as in the joint between the carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal bones of the thumb
Functions of bone?
Provide points of attachment for muscles, protect and support softer tissues, houses blood-producing cells, store inorganic salts, and form passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Fibrous joint
Suture between bones of skull, joint between the distal ends of tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous Joint
Joints between the bodies of vertebrae, symphysis pubis
Synovial joint
Most joints within the skeletal system
Ball-and-socket joint
Shoulder; hip
Condyloid or Ellipsoidal joint
Joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
Gliding or Plane joint
Joints between various bones of wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joints, joints between ribs 2-7 and sternum
Hinge joint
Elbow, joints of phalanges
Pivot joint
Joint between the proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle joint
Joint between the carpal and metacarpal of thumb
