Skeletal Misc Flashcards by Michele Stephens

What is gout?

A type of monoarthritis characterized by uric acid crystal deposition in synovial joints

Gout is one of the most common forms of arthritis, particularly in men over 40 years of age.

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What is the sex ratio of gout prevalence?

10:1 in men compared to women

Gout is significantly more common in men.

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What causes the acute inflammatory response in gout?

Infiltration of white blood cells due to uric acid crystal formation

The crystals form on cartilage surfaces, triggering the immune response.

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What is hyperuricaemia?

Elevated blood uric acid levels

It can result from either overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid.

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From what is uric acid derived?

The breakdown of purines

Purines are found in certain foods and are also produced by the body.

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Fill in the blank: Gout is characterized by _______ crystal deposition.

uric acid

The crystals are specifically known as monosodium urate.

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What is the meaning of the prefix ‘mono’ in the context of gout?

One

‘Mono’ signifies the type of arthritis being described.

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What does ‘arthro-‘ refer to?

Joint

‘Arthro-‘ is a prefix used in medical terminology related to joints.

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What are the common causes of Gout?

Increased intake of purine-rich foods
Dehydration
Kidney disease
Medications
Obesity
Excessive alcohol consumption
Hypertension
Type II diabetes

Purine-rich foods include red meat, organ meats, and shellfish.

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What is a key diagnostic method for Gout?

Blood serum for uric acid and analysis of synovial fluid

Blood serum levels of uric acid are not definitive as they fluctuate but can be useful for monitoring treatment.

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True or False: Uric acid levels in the blood are a definitive diagnostic tool for Gout.

False

Uric acid levels fluctuate and are not definitive for diagnosis.

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Fill in the blank: Gout can be exacerbated by excessive _______.

[alcohol consumption]

Alcohol competes with uric acid for elimination by the kidneys.

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What type of diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Gout?

Type II diabetes

This condition can contribute to the development of Gout.

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What bodily fluid is analyzed for diagnosing Gout?

Synovial fluid

This is obtained through needle aspiration.

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Name two types of foods that are high in purines and may trigger Gout.

Red meat
Organ meats

Shellfish is also considered a purine-rich food.

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What is the most common joint affected by gout?

Big toe

Gout can also affect the mid-feet, ankles, knees, elbows, and hands.

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Is gout usually monoarticular or polyarticular?

Monoarticular

This means it typically affects one joint.

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What are the signs of a gout attack?

Sudden onset of intensely painful, red, hot, and swollen joints

Symptoms often last 12-24 hours and can include shiny skin over the joint.

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What can develop under the skin due to urate crystals in gout?

Tophi

Tophi are hard, chalky deposits of monosodium urate crystals.

Fill in the blank: Gout usually affects _______ joints.

one

Gout is predominantly monoarticular.

What is the typical duration of a gout attack?

12-24 hours

The pain and symptoms can be very intense during this period.

True or False: Gout can affect multiple joints simultaneously.

False

Gout typically affects one joint at a time.

What type of crystals are associated with gout?

Urate crystals

These crystals are deposits of monosodium urate.

What is the primary allopathic treatment used to prevent gout episodes?

Allopurinol

Allopurinol is known to be hepatotoxic.

What are some adverse effects of corticosteroid injections used in gout treatment?

* Indigestion * Rapid heartbeat * Nausea * Insomnia * Mood changes * Diabetes * Glaucoma * Osteoporosis ## Footnote These side effects can vary among individuals.

What type of nutrition is recommended for natural treatment of gout?

Anti-inflammatory / alkaline nutrition ## Footnote This includes foods that help inhibit the production of uric acid.

Which vitamin is mentioned as inhibiting the production of uric acid?

Folate ## Footnote Folate-rich foods are beneficial in managing gout.

What natural methods are suggested for treating gout?

* Weight loss * Increase of water intake * Natural diuretics * Herbs (for inflammation) * Homeopathy * Acupuncture ## Footnote These methods aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent future episodes.

True or False: Allopurinol is safe for all patients without any side effects.

False ## Footnote Allopurinol has hepatotoxic effects and may not be suitable for everyone.

Fill in the blank: _______ is a natural treatment option that can help reduce inflammation in gout.

Herbs ## Footnote Certain herbs are specifically noted for their anti-inflammatory properties.

What is the effect of increased water intake in the natural treatment of gout?

Helps in flushing out uric acid ## Footnote Staying hydrated is essential for managing uric acid levels.

What is the role of quercetin in the natural treatment of gout?

It has anti-inflammatory properties ## Footnote Quercetin is a flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables.

What is another name for a slipped disc?

Herniated disc ## Footnote Also known as disc herniation.

What part of the intervertebral disc leaks out during a herniation?

Nucleus pulposus ## Footnote It leaks through the annulus fibrosus.

Which discs are most commonly affected by herniation?

Lumbar spine (L5/S1) and cervical spine ## Footnote Discs with the highest fluid content are most affected.

At what age range does disc herniation most commonly occur?

30-40 years ## Footnote This age range is typical for the occurrence of herniated discs.

What is the classic injury mechanism for a herniated disc?

Lumbar spine flexion and rotation ## Footnote This combination of movements typically leads to herniation.

What can a herniated disc compress?

Spinal nerves ## Footnote Compression of spinal nerves can lead to various symptoms.

What are some treatment options for a herniated disc?

* Manual therapy * Exercise * Homeopathy (arnica) * Anti-inflammatory nutrients and herbs (e.g., devil's claw, ginger, boswellia) ## Footnote These treatments can help manage symptoms and promote healing.

Fill in the blank: The nucleus pulposus leaks out through the _______.

annulus fibrosus

True or False: A herniated disc can only occur in the lumbar spine.

False ## Footnote While it is most common in the lumbar region, herniation can also occur in the cervical spine.

What does bursitis describe?

Inflammation of a bursa ## Footnote Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that cushion bones, tendons, and muscles near joints.

Where are bursae commonly located?

Around many joints in the body ## Footnote Commonly affected joints include the shoulder and hip.

Which specific types of bursitis are mentioned?

Sub-acromial and trochanteric bursitis ## Footnote Sub-acromial bursitis affects the shoulder, while trochanteric bursitis affects the hip.

What are common causes of bursitis?

* Repetitive use * Sudden trauma * Infection * Wear and tear ## Footnote Repetitive use can occur in activities like overhead work, such as decorating.

True or False: Bursitis can only occur due to repetitive use.

False ## Footnote Bursitis can also be caused by sudden trauma, infection, and wear and tear.