skeletal and muscular systems

Question 1

Define joint

Answer 1

an area of the body where 2 or more bones articulate to create movement

Question 2

Define ligament

Answer 2

Tough band of fibrous elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Question 3

Define articular cartilage

Answer 3

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction free movement

Question 4

What are the roles of flat bones and name 3 types

Answer 4

Ribs, cranium and sternum protect internal organs and sites for muscular attachment

Question 5

What are the roles of long bones and name 3 types

Answer 5

Femur, humerus and tibia act as levers for movement and sites for blood cell production

Question 6

What are the planes of movement. define and state the type of movements used

Answer 6

Saggital (left and right) - flexion, extension, dorsi and plantar flexion

Frontal (front and back) - abduction and adduction

Transverse (top and bottom) - Horizontal extension and flexion

Question 7

Define agonist, antagonist and fixator

Answer 7

Agonist is a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Antagonist opposes the agonist providing resistance for coordinated movement
Fixator stabilises one part of the body while another causes movement

Question 8

What are the muscle contractions

Answer 8

isotonic movement - concentric and eccentric

isometric movement

Question 9

Define motor neuron

Answer 9

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

Question 10

Define and explain the motor unit

Answer 10

A motor neuron and muscle fibres are stimulated by its axon.
Motor neurone takes the impulse and transmits it from the CNS to muscle fibre by using action potential which is a positive electrical charge and conducts nerve impulse down the axon to the neuromuscular junction , Between the neuromuscular junction and muscle fibre is the synaptic cleft. In order to cross the gap, neurotransmitters are used. Muscle fibre then receives the impulse and all or none law occurs

Question 11

What is the all or none law

Answer 11

If the electric charge is above threshold, contraction is made. if its below no contraction is made

Question 12

What are the muscle fibre types and define them with sport examples

Answer 12

Slow oxidative - rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces small amounts of force over a long period of time (marathon runner).

Fast oxidative glycolytic - produces a large amount of force quickly and has the capacity to resist fatigue (800m)

Fast glycolytic - rich in phosphocreatine, producing maximal force over a short period of time (100m sprint)

Question 13

What is the work relief ratio

Answer 13

The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed