Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
Name and describe the different types of bones.
Flat Bones - Protect internal organs
Long Bones - Act as levers for movement
Irregular Bones - Protect the spinal chord
Short Bones - Bear weight
Sesamoid Bones - Ease joint movement
What are the different types of joint?
- Ball and Socket Joint
- Hinge Joint
- Condyloid Joint
Name and describe the 3 planes of movement.
Frontal - Divides body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal - Divides the body into left and right
Transverse - Divides body into top and bottom
What types of movement happen in the frontal plane?
Abduction and Adduction
What types of movement happen in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and Extension
Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar Flexion
What types of movement happen in the transverse plane?
Horizontal Flexion and Horizontal Extension
Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation
Describe the terms ‘origin’ and ‘insertion’.
Origin - Muscular attachement to a stationary bone
Insertion - Muscular attachment to a moveable bone
What is an agonist?
Muscle which contracts
What is an antagonist?
Muscle which lengthens
What is isotonic contraction, and what are its 2 types?
Isotonic = When a muscle changes length during contraction
- Concentric is when the muscle shortens
- Eccentric is when the muscle lengthens
What is isometric contraction?
Isometric = When a muscle contracts but does not change length
What are the agonist and antagonist at the ANKLE for DORSI FLEXION/PLANTAR FLEXION?
DORSI FLEXION:
Agonist = Tibialis Anterior
Antagonist = Gastrocnemius
PLANTAR FLEXION:
Agonist = Gastrocnemius
Antagonist = Tibialis Anterior
What are the agonist and antagonist at the KNEE for FLEXION/EXTENSION?
FLEXION:
Agonist = Biceps Femoris
Antagonist = Rectus Femoris
EXTENSION:
Agonist = Rectus Femoris
Antagonist = Biceps Femoris
What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for FLEXION/EXTENSION?
FLEXION:
Agonist = Iliopsoas
Antagonist = Gluteus Maximus
EXTENSION:
Agonist = Gluteus Maximus
Antagonist = Iliopsoas
What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION?
ADDUCTION:
Agonist = Adducor Longus
Antagonist = Gluteus Medius
ABDUCTION:
Agonist = Gluteus Medius
Antagonist = Adductor Longus
What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION?
ADDUCTION:
Agonist = Adducor Longus
Antagonist = Gluteus Medius
ABDUCTION:
Agonist = Gluteus Medius
Antagonist = Adductor Longus
What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for MEDIAL ROTATION/LATERAL ROTATION?
MEDIAL ROTATION:
Agonist = Gluteus Medius
Antagonist = Gluteus Maximus
LATERAL ROTAION:
Agonist = Gluteus Maximus
Antagonist = Gluteus Medius
What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for FLEXION/EXTENSION?
FLEXION:
Agonist = Anterior Deltoid
Antagonist = Posterior Deltoid
EXTENSION:
Agonist = Posterior Deltoid
Antagonist = Anterior Deltoid
What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION?
ADDUCTION:
Agonist = Latissimus Dorsi
Antagonist = Middle Deltoid
ABDUCTION:
Agonist = Middle Deltoid
Antagonist = Latissimus Dorsi
What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for HORIZONTAL FLEXION/HORIZONTAL EXTENSION?
HORIZONTAL FLEXION:
Agonist = Pectoralis Major
Antagonist = Posterior Deltoid
HORIZONTAL EXTENSION:
Agonist = Posterior Deltoid
Antagonist = Pectoralis Major
What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for MEDIAL ROTATION/LATERAL ROTATION?
MEDIAL ROTATION:
Agonist = Teres Major
Antagonist = Teres Minor
LATERAL ROTATION:
Agonist = Teres Minor
Antagonist = Teres Major
What are the agonist and antagonist at the ELBOW for FLEXION/EXTENSION?
FLEXION:
Agonist = Biceps Brachii
Antagonist = Triceps Brachii
EXTENSION:
Agonist = Triceps Brachii
Antagonist = Biceps Brachii
What are the agonist and antagonist at the WRIST for FLEXION/EXTENSION?
FLEXION:
Agonist = Wrist Flexors
Antagonist = Wrist Extensors
EXTENSION:
Agonist = Wrist Extensors
Antagonist = Wrist Flexors
Describe what happens at a motor unit.
Nerve impulses are initiated in the motor neuron cell body. They are conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by an action potential to the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter called acetylecholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulses across the gap. If the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract. This is known as the ‘all or none law’.
What are the 3 different types of muscle fibres?
- Slow Oxidative
- Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
- Fast Glycolytic
Describe Slow Oxidative muscle fibres?
- designed to store oxygen
- produce a small amount of force
- resist fatigue
- perfect for long distance runners
Describe Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fibres?
- designed to produce a large amount of force quickly
- have capacity to resist fatigue
- perfect for 800m runners
Describe Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres?
- designed to work anaerobically
- has large stores of phosphocreatine for lots of force
- fatigue very quickly
- perfect for high intensity activities
