skeletal and muscular system

Question 1

examples and function of flat bones

Answer 1

• sternum, ribs, cranium, pelvis

- protect internal organs and sites for muscular attachment

Question 2

functions of the skeleton

Answer 2

protection, site of blood cell production and mineral stores, movement through levers and pivot points

Question 3

examples and function of long bones

Answer 3

• femur, humorous, tibia, phalanges

- levers and site of blood cell production

Question 4

examples and function of irregular bone

Answer 4

• vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

- protects spinal chord

Question 5

examples and function of short bones

Answer 5

• carpals, tarsals

- weight bearing

Question 6

examples and function of sesamoid bones

Answer 6

• patella

- ease joint movement

Question 7

what is a ligament

Answer 7

elastic connective tissue, attaching bone to bone

Question 8

what are synovial joints

Answer 8

allow free movement, allow ROM at planes

Question 9

what is the sagital plane and movement here

Answer 9

• side to side

- flexion and extension, plantar-flexion and dorsi-flexion

Question 10

what is the frontal plane and movement here

Answer 10

• front to back

- abduction and adduction

Question 11

what is the transverse plane and movement here

Answer 11

• horizontal/top to bottom

- horizontal flexion and horizontal extension, rotation

Question 12

hinge joint examples

Answer 12

elbow, knee, ankle

Question 13

pivot joint examples

Answer 13

radio-ulnar joint

Question 14

gliding joint examples

Answer 14

spine

Question 15

ball and socket joint examples

Answer 15

hip, shoulder

Question 16

condyloid joint example

Answer 16

wrist

Question 17

what do tendons do

Answer 17

attach muscle to bone

Question 18

what’s a fixator

Answer 18

stabilises part of body while another part moves

Question 19

what is synovial fluid

Answer 19

liquid within joint cavity, reduces friction

Question 20

what movements are medial and lateral rotation

Answer 20

medial - rotation towards body

lateral - rotation away from the body

Question 21

quadricep group

Answer 21

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialus, vastus lateralis

Question 22

hamstring group

Answer 22

biceps femoris, semi-tendinosus, semi-membranosus

Question 23

what movement occurs at shoulder joint in sagital plane + agonist

Answer 23

flexion - anterior deltoid

extension - posterior deltoid

Question 24

shoulder, frontal plane and agonist

Answer 24

abduction - middle deltoid

adduction - latisimus dorsi

Question 25

shoulder, transverse plane and agonist

Answer 25

medial rotation - teres major, subscapularus lateral rotation - teres minor, infraspinatous horizontal flexion - pectoralis major horizontal extension - psterior deltoid

Question 26

elbow joint: plane, agonist and movement

Answer 26

sagital plane: flexion - bicep brachii extension - triceps brachii

Question 27

wrist joint: plane, agonist and movement

Answer 27

sagital: flexion - wrist flexors extension - wrist extensors

Question 28

hip joint: planes, agonists and movement

Answer 28

``` sagital: flexion - illiopsoas extension - gluteus maximus frontal: abduction - gluteus medius/minimus adduction - aductor longus, brevus, mandus transverse: medial rotation - gluteus medius lateral rotation - gluteus maximus ```

Question 29

knee joint: plane, agonist, movement

Answer 29

sagital: flexion - biceps femoris extension - rectus femoris

Question 30

ankle joint: plane, agonist, movement

Answer 30

sagital: dorsi-flexion - tibialus anterior plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius

Question 31

what's an isotonic contraction

Answer 31

muscular contraction that changes length during contraction

Question 32

concentric contraction?

Answer 32

muscular contraction shortens under tension

Question 33

eccentric contraction?

Answer 33

muscular contraction lengthens while producing tension.

Question 34

isometric contraction?

Answer 34

muscular contraction that stays the same length.

Question 35

what is a motor nueron?

Answer 35

specialised nerve cell which conducts nerve impulse rapidly to a group of muscle fibres

Question 36

what is a motor unit?

Answer 36

motor nueron and muscle fibres stimulated by axon

Question 37

what is action potential?

Answer 37

positive electrical charge inside nerve and muscle cells which conducts impulse down nueron into muscle fibres

Question 38

skeletal muscle contraction process

Answer 38

1) nerve impulse initiated in motor neuron cell body 2) impulse from CNS conducted down axon of motor nueron by nerve action potential to synaptic cleft which releases sodium ions causing depolerisation 3) nuerotransmitter (acetylcholine) secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct impulse across gap to muscle fibres 4) happens in all-or-none fashion (all fibres contract in motor unit or none contract)

Question 39

SO fibres structural and functional

Answer 39

slow oxidative (1) - endurance - high capillary density, high mitochondria, high myoglobin - slow speed of contarction, high fatigue resistant, low force of contraction - e.g. marathon, cross country

Question 40

FOG fibres structural and functional

Answer 40

fast oxidative glycolytic (2a) - high intensity - high capillary density, moderate mitochondria, moderate myoglobin - fast speed of contraction, moderate fatigue resistant, high force of contraction - e.g. games sports, 800m

Question 41

FG fibres structural and functional

Answer 41

fast glycolytic (2b) - explosive - low capillary density, low mitochondria, low myoglobin - fast speed of contraction, low fatigue resistant, high force of contraction - e.g. 100m, long jump

Question 42

spine muscles - rotator cuff and trunk muscles

Answer 42

rotator cuff: subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus | trunk muscles: multi fibres, abdominus, transverus