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ANP > Skeletal Anatomy > Flashcards

Skeletal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A
  • Cartilage (chondrocytes)

* Bones (osteocytes)

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2
Q

What are the common characteristics of cartilage and bones?

A

• Belongs and has characteristics of connective tissues

• Cells and extracellular matrix
o Presence of connective tissue fibres
 Collagen, elastic, reticular

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3
Q

What are the features of cartilage?

A

• No blood supply
o Causes slow repair

  • No nerve fibres
  • Presence of large amount of water in extracellular matrix -> gives resilience and purpose
  • Cartilage of embryos -> replaced by bones
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4
Q

What are the features of bone?

A
  • Rich blood supply
  • Nerve supply
  • Presence of inorganic mineral calcium in matrix -> arise to bone hardness
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5
Q

What are the different kinds of cartilages?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
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6
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Supports and reinforces
  • Resilient cushioning properties
  • Resists compressive stress
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7
Q

What are the locations of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Mostly all joints
  • Articular cartilages of bone in synovial joint: provides springy pads that absorbs compression at joints
  • Tip of nose: nasal cartilage
  • Connects ribs to sternum: coastal cartilage
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
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8
Q

What are the cell properties of hyaline cartilage?

A

• Chondrocytes in lacuna (spherical cells)
• Homogenous matrix
(fine collagen)

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9
Q

What are the functions of the elastic cartilage?

A
  • Maintains the shape of a structure

* Allows great flexibility

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10
Q

What are the locations of the elastic cartilage?

A
  • External ear (pinna or oracle)

* Epiglottis

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11
Q

What are the cell properties of the elastic cartilage?

A
  • Elastic fibres
  • Chondrocyte in lacuna
  • Matrix
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12
Q

What are the functions of the fibrocartilage cartilage?

A
  • Tensile strength

* Ability to absorb compressive shock

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13
Q

What are the locations of the fibrocartilage cartilage?

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Meniscus: knee joint
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14
Q

What are the cell properties of the fibrocartilage cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes in lacuna

* Collagen fiber

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15
Q

What are some features of the perichondrium cartilages?

A
  • Has blood vessels -> nutrients diffuse that matrix to cartilage (made of nutrient delivery -> limits cartilage thickness)
  • Cartilage surrounded by dense connective tissue -> girdle/perichondrium -> resist outward expansion of cartilage when it is compressed
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16
Q

What are the certain bone growth in youth and elderly?

A

• Cartilage can calcify due to calcium deposition

• Calcified cartilage is not bone
o Bone and cartilages are distinct and different

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17
Q

What are the classification of different shapes of bones?

A
  • Long bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone
  • Short bone
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18
Q

Examples of long bone

A

humerus

- length is more than width

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19
Q

Examples of irregular bone

A

Vertebra

  • complicated shape
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20
Q

Examples of flat bone

A
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Iliac
  • Thin, flattened, abit curved
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21
Q

Examples of short bone

A
  • Carpus (hands)
  • Tarsus (feet)
  • Patella (knee caps)
  • cube shape
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22
Q

What are the major divisions of skeletal system?

A

• Axial (vertebra, ribs, sternum, ribs)
o Lie centrally

• Appendicular
o Lie laterally

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23
Q

What are the bones of the skull?

A
  • Facial
  • Cranium
  • Base of skull
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24
Q

Describe the facial bones of skull

A

o Paired: maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, zygoma, inferior nasal chonchae

o Single: mandible, vomer (nasal septum)

o Forms boundaries of opioid, nose and oral cavity

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25
Q

Describe the cranium bones of skull

A

o Encloses the brain

o 2 parts
 Skull cap (calvarium) (upper part)
 Cranial base (inferior)

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26
Q

Describe the base of the skull

A

o 3 cranial fossae (anterior, middle, posterior)

o Accommodate to various part of the brain

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27
Q

Describe the cranium bones of skull

A

• Cranium bones (4 single, 2 pair)

o Single: frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
o Paired: parietal and temporal

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28
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses and its functions?

A
  • Lighten skulls
  • Enhances voice resonance
  • Surround the noses and communicate with nasal cavity
  • Bones of skull have mucosal line air filled spaces
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29
Q

What are the types of paired paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal sinuses (eyebrows, paired)
  • Maxillary sinuses (cheeks, paired)
  • Sphenoid sinus
  • Ethmoid sinuses (posterior, middle, anterior)
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30
Q

What makes up the vertebral column?

A
  • 26 pieces of separate bones (vertebra)
  • Surrounds and protects spinal cord
  • Flexible
  • Cervical curvature (concave): C1-C7
  • Thoracic curvature (convex): T1-T12
  • Lumbar curvature (concave): L1-L5
  • Sacral curvature (convex): S1-S5 (fused vertebrae)
  • Coccyx (tailbone): 4 fused vertebrae
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31
Q

What makes up the thoracic cage?

A

• 12 pairs of ribs and coastal cartilages –> attached posterior to vertebrae

o True ribs (1-7)
 Attached directly to their own coastal cartilage to sternum

o False ribs (8-12)
 Attached indirectly
 11 and 12 -> floating ribs -> not attached to sternum

• Xiphoid process
o No ribs attached

• Manubrium
o Attached to clavicle and 1-2nd ribs

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32
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A
  • Front of the neck
  • Does not articulate with any other bone
  • Is a site of attachment for muscle in swallowing and speech
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33
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

• Bones of pectoral girdle
o Clavicle
o Scapula

• Upper limb
o Humerus: arm bone
o Radius: forearm
o Ulna: forearm
o Carpals: 8 bones, arranged in proximal to wrist
o Metacarpals: palm
o Phalanges: fingers, digits (thumb 2, fingers 3)

•	Lower limb (pelvic gird)
o	Bones of pelvic girdle (hip bones) – iliac, ischium, pubis 
o	Femur 
o	Patella
o	Tibia 
o	Fibula 
o	Tarsals 
o	Metatarsals 
o	Phalanges
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34
Q

What is a broken hip?

A
  • Fracture of the neck of the femur

* Common in elderly -> due to osteoporosis  weakens the neck of femur

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35
Q

What are some example of the joined bones?

A
  • 2 pubic join -> forms pubic symphysis
  • Iliac and sacrum -> forms sacroiliac joint
  • Sacrum and coccyx -> forms sacrococcygeal
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36
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A
  • Framework for the body and soft organs
  • Protection of soft tissues (ribs for lungs)
  • Attachment for lungs

• Storage site (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium)
o Can release osteominerals in response to body
o Provides homeostasis

• Haematopoiesis: production of blood cells
o In red bone marrow (found in internal cavities of most bones)

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37
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A

• Epiphysis: ends of the bone
o Proximal and distal

  • Epiphyseal line/plate: remnant of epiphyseal growth plate -> cartilage that grows in a child -> becomes a line when adult
  • Metaphysis: between epiphysis and diaphysis
  • Diaphysis: middle of the bone
  • Distal diaphysis: helps to understand blood supply
  • Articular cartilage: caps joint surface of each epiphysis, cushioning movements and shock absorber
  • Inner spongy bone
  • Outer compact bone: surrounds the medullary cavity
  • Medullary cavity: consists of yellow bone marrow
38
Q

What is a haematopoietic tissue?

A

• Red marrow

• Trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones
o Trabecular: means small, often microscopic

• Diploe (thin) of flat bones and hip bones

39
Q

What are the connective tissues associated with the bone?

A
  • Periosteum

* Endosteum

40
Q

What is the periosteum?

A
  • Layer of connective tissue
  • Covers the external surface of the bones, except neat joint surfaces
  • Secured to underlying bone via Sharpey’s fibres
  • Rich nerve and blood supply -> nutrients, arteries, lymphatic vessels
  • Tendons and ligaments attached to periosteum

• 2 layers:
o Outer fibrous layer
o Inner cellular layer (osteogenic layer: contains stem cells -> give rise to osteogenic cells)

41
Q

What is endosteum?

A
  • Inner lining layer of connective tissues
  • Lines the bony cavity
  • Lines the medullary cavity
  • Between bone tissue and bone marrow
  • One cellular layer (osteogenic cells)
  • Covers spongy and trabeculae bones -> lies inner layer of periosteum
42
Q

What is a compact bone?

A

• Dense + outer layer of solid bone + defines the shape of the bone

• Presence of Haversian/central canal
o Has neurovascular structure, vein, artery, nerve

• Presence of Volkman’s canal -> connect medullary cavity to central canal

43
Q

What is a spongy bone?

A
  • Inner layer, contains struts and plates, formed by spicules
  • Presence of trabeculae -> open spaces -> Forms medullary cavity -> filled with red and yellow bone marrow
44
Q

What is an osteon?

A
  • Structural unit of compact bone (aka lamellae bone)

* Organized as a column like matrix tubes -> arranged one outside the other

45
Q

What are the features of osteon?

A
  • Lamellae: each matrix tube
  • Central canal: lies parallel to axis of the bone -> contains vein structures (BV and nerves)
  • Lacunae: small cavities containing osteocytes

• Canaliculi:
o Hair like canals
o Connect to lacunae to lacunae -> lacunae to central canal -> make sure all bone cells are adequately nourished

46
Q

What are flat bones made up of?

A

• Layer of spongy and sandwich of 2 different kinds of compact bone

47
Q

What are compact bones covered with?

A

• Covered by externally and internally by connective tissue membranes -> periosteum or endosteum

48
Q

What are the different kinds of bone cells?

A
  • Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoclast
49
Q

Description of Osteogenic cells

A
  • Stem cells
  • Mitotically active
  • Cellular layer of periosteum and endosteum
50
Q

Description of Osteoblast cells

A
  • Immature bone forming cells
  • Mitotically active
  • Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth
51
Q

Description of Osteocyte cells

A
  • Mature bone cell
  • Maintains the bone matrix
  • Surrounded by matrix
  • Reside in lacunae
  • Interconnected through canaliculi
52
Q

Description of Osteoclast cells

A
  • Bone-resorbing cell
  • Multinucleated
  • Motile cells
  • Originate from macrophages
53
Q

Role of Osteogenic cells

A

Repairs and fractures

54
Q

Role of Osteoblast cells

A

Secretion of bone matrix and matrix calcification

55
Q

Role of Osteocyte cells

A

Maintains matrix

56
Q

Role of Osteoblast cells

A

Osteolysis and modelling, bone breakdown (osteolysis/remodel)

57
Q

What are the types of bone development?

A
  • Intramembranous model

* Endochondral model

58
Q

What happens during intramembranous development?

A
  • Fibrous tissue -> bone
  • Bone develops directly from fibrous membrane at ossification centre -> arises from fibrous tissue
  • Direct transformation of fibrous tissue -> to bone
  • Eg: flat bone of skulls and clavicle of upper limb
59
Q

What happens during endochondral model?

A
  • Fibrous tissue -> cartilage -> bone
  • Form by replacing hyaline cartilage
  • Has intervening cartilage model from which bones are formed
  • Forms most bones in body
60
Q

What are the different types of bone growth?

A
  • Linear

* Width

61
Q

What happens during linear bone growth?

A

• Occurs at the age of 18 (F), 21 (M)

• Longitudinal bone growth -> mimics endochondral ossification
o Ends when epiphysis fuses with diaphysis = epiphyseal plate closure

• Depends on epiphyseal plate cartilage
o Next to diaphysis -> organizes a pattern for continuous remodeling of epiphyseal end -> to maintain proportion between diaphysis and epiphysis

• Continuous remodeling of epiphyseal end

62
Q

What happens during width bone growth?

A

• Appositional growth

• Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external surface
o More building > breaking down -> unequal process producing thicker and stronger bones -> prevents bone from becoming brittle

• Osteoclasts on endosteal surface of diaphysis removes bone

63
Q

What are joints?

A
  • Holds bones together for mobility
  • Articulation site
  • Two or more bones meet with or without movement
64
Q

What are the functional classification of joints?

A

• Classified based on: movement allowed by the joint

  1. Synarthroses (immovable)
  2. Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
  3. Diarthroses (freely movable) (most joints in our body)
65
Q

What are the structural classification of joints?

A

• Based on the material binding bones together + whether joint cavity is present

  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
66
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • Dense and connective
  • No movements
  • Eg: suture line on skull, inferior tubule of fibula joint
67
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

• Bones joined by cartilage

•	2 types
o	Synchondroses (primary type)
	Immovable joints 
	Bones united by hyaline cartilage
o	Symphases (secondary type)
	Strong, flexible with slight movements
68
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

• Most joints of our body

• Lined by synovial membrane
o Internal surface of capsule

o Secretes synovial fluid (viscous slippery filtrated plasma -> lubricates joints)

• Has a joint cavity -> with synovial fluid
o Potential space -> allow inside of joint to be viewed during scopy

• Articular cartilage (caps part of bone -> form joints)

• Fibrous capsule
o Dense layer of connective tissue -> attached to bones

69
Q

What are the other features of synovial joint?

A

• Ligaments (band of connective tissue -> connects bones
o Intrinsic – part of fibrous capsule (eg: glenohumeral of shoulder)

o Extracapsular – outside the capsule (eg: patella ligament of knee)

o Intracapsular – deep to the capsule (eg: cruciate ligament of knee)

• Rich in nerve and blood vessel supply

• Articular discs: wedges of fibrocartilage
o Found in complex joints (meniscus of knee)

o Function: stabilisers

• Bursae: friction reducing structures
o Flattened fibrous sac -> in synovial membrane -> containing synovial fluid

o Extension of synovial cavity

o Present where ligaments, muscles, tendons, bones wrapped together

• Tendon sheath:
o Elongated bursa -> wraps completely around a tendon

70
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

• Targets the articular cartilage of a joint

71
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

• Targets the synovial membrane of a joint

72
Q

What is the factors needed for the stability of a joint?

A
  • Shape and size of articular surfaces of bones
  • Ligaments
  • Muscle Tone
73
Q

How are shape and size of articular surfaces of bones important for stability of joints?

A

o Hip joint is more stable than shoulder joint

 Hip joint: Large femur head fits tightly in deep socket of acetabulum of hip bone

 Shoulder joint: small, shallow, glenoid fossa for the large head of humerus -> misfit -> frequently dislocated joint

74
Q

How are ligaments important for stability of joints?

A

Ligaments (elastic ligament, fibrous)

o Fibrous: uniting bones -> prevent undesirable movement and reinforce joint
o Eg: cruciate ligaments in knee
o More ligaments = more stable the joints

75
Q

How are muscle tone important for stability of joints?

A

o Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder joint -> rotator cuff muscles -> helps to keep humeral head against gleroid fossa -> stabilizing shoulder joint

o Knee joint -> quadriceps femoris

76
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • Plane Joints
  • Hinge Joints
  • Pivot Joints
  • Condyloid/ellipsoid Joints
  • Saddle Joints
  • Ball and Socket Joints
77
Q

Describe the types of synovial joints

A

• Plane joints
o Non-axial joints, short gliding movements
o Eg: acromioclavicular joint

• Hinge joints
o Uniaxial joints, flexion, extension movements
o Eg: elbow, knee, ankle

• Pivot joints
o Uniaxial joints, rotation movement
o Eg: atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint

• Condyloid/ellipsoid joints
o Bi-axial joints
o Eg: wrist, metacarpophalangeal joint

• Saddle joints
o Bi-axial joints
o Eg: carpometacarpal joint of thumb

• Ball and socket
o Multi-axial joints, most free moving synovial joints
o Hip, shoulder joint

78
Q

What are some special joints?

A
  • Knee joint
  • Ankle joint
  • Shoulder joint
  • Elbow joint
  • Superior radioulnar joint
  • Wrist joint
  • Inferior tibiofibular joint
79
Q

Describe the knee joints

A

o fibula is not included

o patella-femoral complex: between femoral condyle + patella

o femoral-tibial complex: between femoral condyle + tibial condyle

o associated with number of busae -> busae communicate with knee joint

o intracapsular ligament -> most commonly injured

o menisci -> stabilisers

80
Q

Describe the ankle joints

A

o uniaxial heel joint -> formed by tibia, fibula and talus

o stable hinge joint -> by nature of bony articulating bone and surfaces

81
Q

Describe the shoulder joints

A

o head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula (most commonly dislocated joint)

o stability is affected by freedom of mobility

o mobility -> due to large size of head -> does not fit in small, shallow size of glenoid fossa of scapula

82
Q

Describe the elbow joints

A

o humerus, radius and ulna

o describe as humeral-radial, humeral ulna complexes

83
Q

Describe the superior radioulnar joints

A

o aka proximal radioulnar joint

o elbow joint

o share a common joint cavity with elbow joint

84
Q

Describe the wrist joints

A

o radiocarpal joint – radius with scaphoid, lunate (carpus)

o ulna does not take part

o has articulation between radius and scaphoid lunate of carpal bones

85
Q

Describe the inferior tibiofibular joints

A

only fibrous join in appendicular skeleton (present in lower limb)

86
Q

What are the movements of the synovial joint?

A
  • by muscles attached to the joints
  • muscle contraction causes insertion to move towards the origin

• movements occurs along different planes
o transverse
o frontal
o sagittal

87
Q

What are the muscles attached to the joint?

A
  • Origin – proximal attachment

* Insertion – distal attachment

88
Q

What are the movements of the lower limb?

A

• Ankle joint:
o dorsiflexion, plantar flexion = extension, flexion

• Tarsal joints of foot: inversion and eversion

• Hip joint:
o abduction and adduction
o flexion and extension (hyperextension)
o medial and lateral rotation

89
Q

What are the movements of lower limb?

A

• Radioulnar joint:
o Supination and pronation of forearm

• Elbow joint:
o Flexion
o Extension

• Wrist joint
o Abduction and adduction
o Flexion and extension

• Interphalangeal joint (distal)
o Flexion and extension

• Metaphalangeal joints
o Abduction and adduction
o Flexion and extension

•	Thumb 
o	Opposition
-	Thumb approximates itself with bands of outer fingers
-	Opposing another finger with thumb
-	Movement of pinching, holding pen
90
Q

What are the movements of neck?

A

• Lateral flexion and rotation: occurs at the uniaxial pivot joint

91
Q

What are the movements of the vertebral column?

A
  • Flexion, extension and hypertension

* (R&L) Lateral flexion, rotation

ANP (6 decks)

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