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ANP > Muscular Anatomy > Flashcards

Muscular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different kinds of muscle tissues?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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2
Q

What are the types, locations, cell shape, contraction of regulation of skeletal tissues?

A

Body Location: attached to the bones (or some facial tissues) to skin

Cell Shape: Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate, obvious striation

Regulation of contraction: Voluntary via axon terminals of somatic nervous system

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3
Q

What are the types, locations, cell shape, contraction of regulation of cardiac tissues?

A

Body Location: walls of heart

Cell Shape: Branching, uni or binucleate, striations

Regulation of contraction: Involuntary, intrinsic system regulation, ANS, hormones, stretch

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4
Q

What are the types, locations, cell shape, contraction of regulation of smooth tissues?

A

Body Location: present in visceral layer of hollow organs (other than heart) -> longitudinal and circular layer (eg: blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, small intestine)

Cell Shape: Single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations

Regulation of contraction: Involuntary, autonomic nerves, hormones, local chemicals, stretch

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle tissues?

A
  • Excitability (responsiveness when receive stimulus of chemical or neuro)
  • Contractility (how it shortens forcefully when adequately stimulated)
  • Extensible (can stretch without tearing, when contracted and relaxed)
  • Elasticity (recoil strength)
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6
Q

What are the similarities and differences of muscles?

A

Other names:

  • Skeletal = Somatic
  • Cardiac = Myocardial
  • Smooth = Visceral

Striation:

  • Skeletal: Yes
  • Cardiac: Yes
  • Smooth: No

Quick Contraction:

  • Skeletal: Yes
  • Cardiac: Yes
  • Smooth: No

Voluntary

  • Skeletal: Yes
  • Cardiac: No
  • Smooth: No

Subject to fatigue

  • Skeletal: Yes
  • Cardiac: No
  • Smooth: No
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7
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A
  • Movement
    o Helps pump blood
    o Propels substances throughout hollow organs
  • Maintains posture
    o Adjusting the position of the body with respect to gravity
  • Stabilizes joints
    o By exerting tension around the joint
  • Generates heat
    o Through cellular metabolic processes
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8
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the skeletal muscle?

A
  • Know the
    o Origins of the tendon
    o Insertional end of tendon
-	eg: biceps branchii
o	origin: scapula bone
o	running down on humerus bone
o	insert: radius bone
o	connected to bones via tendons 
o	action of elbow joint: flexion -> bring forearm nearer to arm
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9
Q

What are the levels of skeletal muscle organization?

A
  • Complex -> smallest

o Muscle -> bundles of muscle fibers (fascicle) -> muscle fiber (muscle cells) -> myofibril (bundle of myofilaments) -> myofilament (stands of contractile proteins) -> contractile proteins (actin, myosin)

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10
Q

What are the structure and organization of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Muscle:
    o Consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells + connective tissue wrappings

o Connective tissue wrappings -> covered externally by epimysium

  • Fascicle:
    o Bundle of muscle cells -> separated by muscle sheath

o Connective tissue wrappings -> surrounded by perimysium

  • Muscle fiber:
    o Elongated multinucleate cells
    o Striated appearance
    o Connective tissue wrappings -> surrounded by endomysium
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11
Q

What are the different coverings?

A
  • Epimysium: covers the muscle
  • Perimysium: covers the fascicle (a bunch of myofibril)
  • Endomysium: covers the myofibrils
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12
Q

Describe the microscopy of skeletal muscle fibre?

A
  • Myofibrils
    o Have striations
  • Sarcolemma
    o Cell membrane/plasma membrane
  • Sarcoplasm
    o Cytoplasm of muscle tissue, underneath the endomysium
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
    o Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
    o Production of fat
    o Production of protein
  • T tubules
    o Inbound folding of the plasma membrane
    o Where Ca2+ and Na+ channels -> activate the neuromuscular for movements
  • Mitochondria
    o Powerhouse of energy in periphery of sarcomere
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13
Q

What are myofibrils?

A
  • Bundle of myofilaments
  • Rod-like contractile elements -> occupy most of muscle cell volume
  • Composed of sarcomeres -> end to end -> appear like bands
  • Between 2 Z discs
  • M line: presence of myosin, not actin
  • Titin: spring-like protein, elastic filament
  • A band: overlap of myosin and actin -> appears dark
  • I band: presence of actin filament only
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14
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A
  • Contractile unit of muscles
  • Composed of myofilaments made up of contractile myoproteins
-	Contractile myofilaments 
o	Myosin (thick)
o	Actin (thin)
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15
Q

What are myofilament or filament?

A
  • Thick filament (bundle of myosin molecules)
    o Produce a dark colour band
  • Thin filament (bundle of actin molecules)
    o Produce a light colour band
  • Myofibrils are banded (thick and thick filaments)
  • Sliding of thin filaments past the thick filaments -> produce muscle shortening
  • Elastic filaments -> provide elastic recoil -> when muscle contraction ends
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16
Q

What are the nerve supply of a skeletal muscle?

A
  • By motor neuron
  • Skeletal muscle fibre -> supplied by nerve ending -> which controls the activity
  • Motor end plate -> is a large terminal formation -> where axon of motor neuron contacts with striated muscle fiber
  • Each muscle fiber -> forms one motor endplate
    o Can fire activities of movement due to multiple supply of neurons
  • Muscles have rich blood supply
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17
Q

What are the characteristics for naming muscles?

A
  • Location:
    o Temporalis: near the skull temple, temporal lobe (skull)

o Tibialis anterior, posterior: tibial (leg bone)

o Popliteus, occipitofrontalis

  • Size:
    o Gluteus maximus: biggest
    ~ Gluteus: butt

o Pectoralis
minor/minimus: smaller
~ Pectoralis: near nipple

  • Shape:
    o Serratus anterior:
    ~ Serratus: seriated edges

o Trapezius: diamond shape

o Deltoid: triangle

  • Direction:
    o External oblique: outward

o Orbicularis oris
~ Oris: circular = around eye

  • Number of heads:
    o Biceps branchii
    ~ Bi = 2 heads

o Quadriceps femoris
~ Quad = 4 heads

  • Action:
    o Flexor digitorum
    ~ Flexor: bring it nearer
    ~ Digitorum: fingers

o Extensor digitorum
~ Extensor: bring it back to original

o Adductor longus
~ Adductor: bring together

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18
Q

What are the superficial muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid: Muscle of the neck -> help to rotate neck

Deltoid:
Upper arm, triangular shape, intravascular injection

Pectoralis Major:
Area near nipple, chest

Serratus anterior:
Lateral of chest, saw-like

Intercoastals:
Between ribs

Quadriceps femoris:
4 muscles on thigh

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19
Q

What are the muscles of the upper limb (pectoral region)?

A

-o Pectoralis major
o Pectoralis minor
o Serratus anterior
o Subclavius

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20
Q

What are the muscles of the upper limb (forearm posterior)?

A

o Extensors, wrists, digits

  • brachioradialis
  • extensor carpi
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digit minimi
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • anconeus
21
Q

What are the muscles of the upper limb (forearm anterior)?

A

o Flexors

  • biceps branchii
  • brachialis
  • branchioradialis
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
22
Q

What are the muscles of the upper limb (shoulder)?

A

o Extrinsic: muscles originate from torso, attached to clavicle, scapula, humerus
 Trapezius
 Latissimus dorsi

o	Intrinsic: muscles originate from scapula or clavicle, attached to humerus
	Deltoid 
	Teres major 
	Rotator cuff muscles
•	Supraspinatus 
•	Infraspinatus 
•	Subscapularis 
•	Teres minor
23
Q

What are the muscles of the upper limb (upper arm)?

A

o Anterior
 Biceps branchii
 Brachialis

o Posterior
 Triceps branchii

24
Q

What are the muscles of the upper limb (hand)?

A 
o	Intrinsic muscles -> creates finer movements of the hands 
	Thenar 
	Hypothenar
	Interossei
	Lumbrical
25
Q

What are the muscles of the lower limb of the leg (anterior)?

A
  • Quadriceps
26
Q

What are the muscles of the lower limb of the leg (posterior)?

A

o Gluteus maximus
 Subcutaneous injection
 Safe zone: between iliac crest and greater trochanter
 Danger zone: right sciatic nerve

o Hamstrings
 Biceps femoris (lateral side of knee joint)
 Semitendinosus (medial)
 Semimembranosus (medial)

27
Q

What are the dorsiflexors of the lower limb muscles?

A
  • Extensors are dorsiflexors (bring up feet)

o Extension by: Tibialis anterior

o Extensor hallucis

o Extensor digitorum longus

o Extensor digitorum

28
Q

What are the flexors of the lower limb muscles?

A
  • Flexors are plantarflexors (bring down feet)

o Flexion by: tendon

o Flexor digitorum longus

o Flexor hallucis

o Tibialis posterior

29
Q

What makes up the tendocalcaneous?

A

o Known as the achilles tendon or tendo achillis

o Serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel bone)

30
Q

What makes up the triceps surae?

A 
o	Gastrocnemius (two headed)
o	Soleus
31
Q

What are the muscles of the face?

A
  • Orbicularis oris (around lips)
  • Orbicularis oculi (around eyes)
  • Buccinator (cheeks)
  • Mentalis (chin)
  • Occipitofrontal (skull)
  • Platysma (neck)
32
Q

What are the roles of muscles for facial expression?

A
  • Buccinator:
    o Help blow balloon, trumpets
  • Orbicularis occuli:
    o Around the eyes for happy eyes
  • Orbicularis oris:
    o For sad expression
33
Q

What are the muscles for jaw that are used for mastication?

A
  • Tempolaris
  • Masseter
  • Buccinator
34
Q

What are the muscles for tongue movements?

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
    (glossus means tongue)
35
Q

What are the muscles of the back?

A
  • Spinous process (vertebra)
    o Splenius capitis: goes back all the way to the skull

o Splenius cervicis: goes to cervix/cervical region

  • Both supports back and the sternocleidomastoid
  • Extends from thoracic to skull
  • Erector spinae (medial to lateral)
    o Spinalis and semispinalis
    o Longissimus
    o Iliocostalis
  • Quadratus lumborum
    o Originate from the iliac crest to lumbar
    o Involved in forced inspiration
36
Q

What is the significance of erector spinae (sacrospinalis)?

A
  • Must relax when body bends down
    o Bending back to normal uses the hamstring and erector spinae
  • Sudden movements can injure the erector spinae
37
Q

What are the muscles of the thorax?

A
  • Inspiration
    o Diaphragm descends
    o External intercoastal contracts
    o Thorax expands (lift up -> transverse diameter increases)
-	Expiration 
o	A passive mechanism 
o	Diaphragm rises
o	Internal intercostals contract -> squeezing air out of our lungs
o	Air exits the lungs
38
Q

What are the muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  • External oblique: downward fibre
  • Internal oblique: upward fibre
  • Transversus abdominis: innermost muscle, horizontal fibres
  • Rectus abdominis: start from xiphoid process falls to pubic
    (two on each side)
  • Serratus anterior (zig zag)
39
Q

What is linea alba?

A
  • Formed by aponeuroses of anterior abdominal wall muscles
40
Q

What is inguinal ligament?

A
  • Fibrous band extending from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
  • Denotes the transition of the pelvis to the lower limb
41
Q

What is the role of the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A
  • Support of abdominopelvic organs

- Without pelvic floor, uterus descends

42
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • Levator ani
    o Pubococcygeus
    o Iliococcygeus
    o Puborectalis
  • Coccygeus
43
Q

What are the role of the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • Maintenance of tone of pelvic floor
  • Pelvic floor encloses the urethra anteriorly and rectum
  • Repeated vaginal birth -> pelvic floor loses its tone -> when you cough and laugh -> bladder cannot be controlled -> urine comes out -> urethra incontinence
44
Q

What is a perineum?

A
  • Protects the pelvic floor muscles and blood vessels that supply the genitals and urinary tract
  • Protects the nerves used to urinate
45
Q

What are the muscles of the perineum?

A
  • It is the area from pubic symphysis to spine to coccyx
  • Attached by perineal body (act as hammock)
    o Perineal body is the urogenital diaphragm
46
Q

What is the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm?

A
  • Deep transverse perineal muscle

- External urethral sphincter

47
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial perineal space?

A
  • Ischiocavernosus
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Superficial transverse perineal muscle
48
Q

What is the muscle of anal triangle?

A
  • Sphincter ani externus
  • Anal triangle by anal muscles
  • Anterior: urinary
  • Posterior: anal triangle

ANP (6 decks)

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