SJSM Behavioral (psychosexual development) Block 2 Flashcards
Frauds stages of Psychosexual development:
Oral stage
0-18 months
Controlled by ID
Pleasure comes from the mouth (eating, kissing, nail-biting etc.)
Oral retentitive
- What’s it caused by?
- What does it lead to in adulthood?
When parents give too much attention it makes the person:
- Dependent
- Gullible
- Prone to excessive (eating, kissing etc.)
Oral sadistic
- What’s it caused by?
- What does it lead to in adulthood?
When parents are under attentive is makes the person:
- Hostile
- Critical
- Exploitive
Frauds stages of Psychosexual development:
Anal (bootyhole)
18m-3yrs
Controlled by EGO
Personality is somehow linked to potty training: Anal retentive (successful) or Anal expulsive (unsuccessful)
Anal Retentive
- What’s it caused by?
- What does it lead to in adulthood?
Child underwent good potty training making them more (OCD-ish):
- Stringy
- Orderly
- Perfectionistic
Anal Expulsive
- What’s it caused by?
- What does it lead to in adulthood?
Child’s potty training doesn’t go well making them less aware of things importance:
- Messy
- Generous
- Wasteful
Frauds stages of Psychosexual development:
Phallic (wiener Fraud hates women)
3yrs-6yrs
Controlled by SUPEREGO
Children are sex curious (genitals mostly) but they also undergo:
1. Oedipus (son sexually attracted to mommy and jealous of dad (castration anxiety))
2. Electra (Daughter sexually attracted to daddy and jealous of mom (penis envy))
Frauds stages of Psychosexual development:
Latency stage
6-12yrs
Child is distracted by social events (school & curious about the world) aka sublimation psychosexual development with other things
Frauds stages of Psychosexual development:
Genital (sexy times)
12+yrs
People seek relationships, sex, and undergo adult-like behaviors
Describe the pleasure principle
Controlled by ID (instinct), seek pleasure and avoid discomfort (regardless of social norms)
Describe the reality principle
Controlled by EGO this is self-control, using rationale and abiding by social norms when seeking/fulfilling a desire
Describe the transference principle
Positive & negative
Transference is when we project past feelings on someone i.e a therapist
Positive feelings = like the therapist
Negative feelings = therapist is a dick
What is counter transference and why do we want to avoid it?
It’s when the therapist reacts to the clients transference. this interferes with therapy!
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Infancy
Trust vs mistrust (HOPE)
they trust/mistrust basic needs (food) will be met
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Early childhood
1-3yrs
Autonomy vs shame (WILL)
they become more independent
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Play
3-6yrs
Initiative vs Guilt (Purpose)
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
School
7-11yrs
Industry vs Inferiority (Competence)
they develop self-confidence and a sense of inferiority depending on whether they can accomplish something
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Adolescence
12-18yrs
Identity vs Confusion (FIDELITY)
they experiment with roles and Identity (I.e gender roles)
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Early adulthood
19-29yrs
Intimacy vs Isolation (LOVE)
they establish intimate relationships with others
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Middle age
30-64yrs
Generavity vs Stagnation (CARE)
they want to have a family and contribute to society
General stages of development (Erik Erikson):
Old age
65+yrs
Integrity vs Despair (WISDOM)
they develop life sense at this point
Describe repression
Controlled by EGO
when we keep internal/personal threatening thoughts/memories from our conscious awareness
Ex. child sexual abuse might later on in life
Describe denial
When we refuse to accept reality about an external threat
Ex. Smoker keeps smoking and doesn’t accept it’s bad for them
Describe displacement
When we’re have an impulse (anger) and satisfy it by directing it at something/someone else
Ex. Angry at prof so you go home and hit you dog
Describe regression
When were faced with stress and revert back to an earlier stage in our psychosexual development
Ex. grade-schooler sucking their thumb or an adult crying
Describe Sublimation
When we have an impulse/urge (anger) and channel it into something more socially acceptable or productive
anger —> working out
Describe reaction formation
When we turn an unpleasant feeling/emotion into its opposite
Ex. acting aggressive towards you crush
Describe rationalization
When we give logical reasons to justify our unacceptable behaviors this is usually motivated by ID (unconscious desires)
Ex. Eating unhealthy food but justifying it by saying we’re all going to die anyways
Describe what CBT (cog-behavioral therapy) is used for
For treating mild-moderate depression, somatoform, or eating disorders by addressing/changing patients thought process
Describe what biofeedback is used for
For treating physical medical conditions (hypertension, Raynaud’s, chronic pain etc.)
Describe what token economy is
It is increasing positive behaviors in severely disorganized, autistic, or challenged people
What is systematic desensitization used to treat
Phobias
What is aversive conditioning used to treat?
Paraphilias (pedos) & addition
Pavlov’s:
Describe an unconditioned stimulus
Something that evokes an automatic response/reflex that DOESN’T need to be taught (Food = saliva)
Pavlov’s:
Describe a conditioned stimulus
Something that has been taught to elicit a response/reflex (Bell + food = saliva)
Pavlov’s:
Describe a conditioned response
A reflex/response that has been taught to be associated with a certain stimulus (Bell = saliva)
Pavlov’s:
Describe an unconditioned response
An automatic reflex/response that doesn’t have to be taught
Operant conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Adding a positive stimulus (give a reward) to encourage a behaviour
Operant conditioning:
Negative reinforcement
Removing a negative stimulus (take away pain)
Operant conditioning:
Positive punishment
Adding a negative stimulus (adding something painful)
Operant conditioning:
Negative punishment
Removing a positive stimulus (take away reward)
Operant conditioning made easy
positive =add
negative = remove
Reinforce = good
Punish = bad
Describe habituation
aka desensitization, when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases a response
ex. getting a horse used to grooming
Describe sensitization
when repeated exposure of a stimulus increases a response
ex a kid afraid of spiders feels anxiety every time he sees one
Describe what learned helplessness is
When negative stimulus can’t be escapes it teaches someone to associate the negative stimulus with being unable to escape causing them to become hopeless & apathetic, no longer trying to escape
Describe the features of anterograde amnesia
when you can’t retain/form new memories
(Hippocampus)
Describe the features of reterograde amnesia
When you can’t retain older memories
(Thalamus)
What are the levels of neurotransmitters present in Anxiety?
High Norepinephrine
High Serotonin
Low GABA
What are the levels of neurotransmitters present in Alzheimers?
Low Acetylcholine
High Glutamate
What are the levels of neurotransmitters present in Depression?
Low Serotonin
Low Dopamine
Low Norepinephrine
What are the levels of neurotransmitters present in Mania?
High Dopamine
Low GABA
What are the levels of neurotransmitters present in Schizophrenia?
High Dopamine
High Serotonin
High Glutamate
What are the 2 main dopaminergic tracts in the CNS?
Nigrostriatal & Mesolimbic
What are the main dopaminergic receptors?
D1-like receptors (D1&D5) &
D2-like receptors (D2,D3,D4)
What are the main nuclei involved in dopamine production in the CNS?
Substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area
Describe the functions of dopamine in the body (4)
Mood regulation
Reward/pleasure
Motor control
Planning/decisions (executive functions)
Parkinsons is associated with _____
a decreased in dopamine
Schizophrenia is associated with _____
an increase in dopamine
What is the name of the collection of tracts for serotonin in the CNS?
Serotonergic pathways
What are the main receptors for serotonin?
5HT1 through 5HT7
What is the main nuclei involved with serotonin in the CNS?
The Raphe nuclei (brainstem)
What are the functions of serotonin in the body? (4)
Sleep-wake cycle
Mood
Appetite
Emotional stability
What is the treatment of most mood disorders
SSRI’s
What disorders are associated with Serotonin imbalances
mood disorders like depression and anxiety
What is the tract associated with Norepinephrine?
The Locus coeruleus-noradrenergic pathway
(it starts in the locus coeruleus –> pons –> brain+spine)
What are the norepinephrine receptors ?
alpha & beta adrenergic receptors
What is the main nuclei of norepinephrine production in the CNS?
Locus coeruleus (pons)
Describe the functions of norepinephrine in the CNS?
CNS: Regulate arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycle, & the stress/emotional response)
Describe the functions of serotonin in the PNS & where is it released from?
PNS: It’s released by the adrenal medulla it regulates the fight/flight response (vasoconstriction and tachycardia)
Describe the psychological factors most likely to influence health
Poor health behavior
Maladaptive personality type
Chronic/acute life stress
On the relative stress scale:
Dead spouse
Very high stress (100)
On the relative stress scale:
Retirement
High (45)
On the relative stress scale:
Child leaves home
Moderate (29)
On the relative stress scale:
Divorce
Very high (73)
On the relative stress scale:
Separation
Very high (65)
On the relative stress scale:
Death of a close family member
Very high (63)
On the relative stress scale:
Major loss from illness/injury
High (53)
On the relative stress scale:
Moving
Low (20)
On the relative stress scale:
Major dept
Moderate (31)
On the relative stress scale:
Promotion/demotion at work
Moderate (29)
On the relative stress scale:
Birth/child adoption
High (39)
On the relative stress scale:
Marriage
High (50)
On the relative stress scale:
Job loss
High (47)
On the relative stress scale:
Major loss of health of a close family member
High (44)
On the relative stress scale:
Vacation
Low (15)
On the relative stress scale:
Major holiday
Low (12)
How are some of the ways culture impacts illness
- Different treatments
- Spiritual/ritualistic beliefs
- Influence symptoms
Describe features of the Baby blues
33-50% of new moms, with symptoms lasting ~2weeks:
- Exaggerated emotions/crying
- Mom interacts well with friends/family
- Mom is well groomed
Describe the features of post partum major depressive disorder
5-10% of new moms, happens within 4 weeks with symptoms lasting ~1yr without treatment & 3-6wks with treatment:
- Hopelessness & helplessness
- No pleasure in regular activities anymore
- POOR SELF-CARE
- Can include psychotic symptoms (hallucinations etc)
- Mom may be a risk to baby
Describe the features of a post-partum brief psychotic disorder
0.1-0.2% of new moms, onset within 4 weeks with symptoms lasting up to a month:
- Somewhat like MDD
- MOM IS A BIG RISK TO BABY!!!
Primitive reflex:
Grasping things placed in their hand
Palmar grasp reflex
(ends ~2 months)
Primitive reflex:
Head turns in the direction of a stroke (nipple hunting)
Rooting/suckling reflex
(end ~3 months)
Primitive reflex:
When the plantar surface of the foot is stroke the big toe dorsiflexes
Babinski reflex
(ends ~4 months)
Primitive reflex:
Eyes follow human faces
Tracking reflex (continuous)
Primitive reflex:
arms and legs extend when spooked
startle reflex
(ends ~4 months)
Milestones:
At 2-3 months what motor, social, and verb/cog skills should baby be able to do?
motor: Lift their head when lying down
Social: smile at a human face
Verb/cog: Coo/gurgle in response to attention
motor: Lift their head when lying down
Social: smile at a human face
Verb/cog: Coo/gurgle in response to attention
2-3 months
Milestones:
Baby was able to turn over what’s the age range
5 months
Milestones:
At 4-6 months what motor, social, and verb/cog skills should baby be able to do?
Turn over (5m)
Sit alone (6m)
reach for things + grasp with whole hand
form an attachment to primary caregiver
babbles
Turn over
Sit alone
reach for things + grasp with whole hand
form an attachment to primary caregiver
babbles
4-6m
Milestones:
At 7-11 months what motor, social, and verb/cog skills should baby be able to do?
Crawling + pull up to stand
Move things hand to hand
Pincer grip
Stranger anxiety
Play social games (Peekaboo)
Imitates sounds, gestures, & responds to name
Can follow simple instructions
Crawling + pull up to stand
Move things hand to hand
Pincer grip
Stranger anxiety
Play social games (Peekaboo)
Imitates sounds, gestures, & responds to name
Can follow simple instructions
7-11m
Milestones:
At 12-15 months what motor, social, and verb/cog skills should baby be able to do?
Walk on their own
Separation anxiety
First words
Object permanence
Walk on their own
Separation anxiety
First words
Object permanence
12-15m
Skills:
Throw a ball &
Climb stairs 1 foot at a time
1.5yr old
Skills:
Throw a ball & scribbles
1.5yr old
Skills:
Kick a ball & balance on 1 foot (1 second)
2yr old
Skills:
Stack 3 blocks
1.5yr old
Skills:
Stack 6 blocks & eat with a spoon
2yr old
Skills:
Ride a tricycle & dress with help
3yr old
Skills:
Climb stairs with alternating feet & stack 9 blocks
3yr old
Skills:
Copy a circle
3yr old
Skills:
Catch a ball with arms & Dress alone
4yr old
Skills:
Self groom & Hop on 1 foot
4yr old
Skills:
Draw a person & copy a cross
4yr old
Skills:
Catch a ball with hand & draw a person in detail
5yr old
Skills:
Skip with alternating feet & Copy a square
5yr old
Skills:
Tie shoe laces &
Ride a bicycle
6yr old
Skills:
Print letters & copy a triangle
6yr old
Skills:
Develop morals & understand the finality of death
6yr old
Skills:
Develop Oedipus phase & over concern about injury
6yr old
Skills:
Improved verbal & cognitive skills
6yr old
Skills:
Starts thinking logically & reads
6yr old
Skills:
Notice gender, develop bowel/bladder control, & can stay a day away from mom
3yr old
Skills:
Do cooperative play (with others), explore role play (mommy vs daddy), have imaginary friends, curious about sex differences (play doctor), develop nightmares & transient phobias
4yr old
Skills:
Use 900 words but can understand 3500, can ID colours, & use complete sentences
3yr old
Skills:
Good verbal self expression & they understand and use predispositions
4yr old
Skills:
Rapprochement to mom (moves away then returns) & uses 10 words
1.5yr old
Skills:
Develop a love for negativity (fav word is NO) & they do parallel play (play alongside)
2yr old
Skills:
Use 250 words, 2 word sentences, and can name body parts/objects “Me do”
2yr old
Chum period is described as
The time during school years (~10yrs old) where they develop a friend of the same sex
Absent chum period is theorized to prelude _____
schizophrenia
Treatment for complicated grief may include
antidepressants & antipsychotics, Electroconvulsive therapy, and more physician time
Treatment for normal grief may include
More calls/visits to their physician, support groups, and short acting sleep aids
ID is described as our
unconscious urges & instincts that are usually selfish and socially unacceptable
EGO is described as our
control center, that balances between ID & SUPEREGO
ID follows which principle
Pleasure principle
EGO follows which principle
Reality principle
Pre-consciousness is described as
recallable memories and knowledge within our awareness
SUPEREGO follows which principle
Morality principle
Adolescent deliquency:
Early adolescence
11-14yrs
Critique their family’s usual habits
insist more unsupervised peer time
more aware of style/appearance
question previously accepted family values
new sexuality awareness
more modesty/embarrassment with body
more interest in the opposite sex
Adolescent deliquency:
Middle adolescence
14-17yrs
lifestyle reflects attempts to be independent
self esteem is pivotal in positive and negative risk taking behaviors
Identify with a peer group who influences their choices/activities/personality etc
underestimate risks with recreational behaviors
Want to be autonomous
Adolescent deliquency:
Late adolescence
17-20yrs
Continues exploring academic pursuits & hobbies
social bonds are important for creating a sense of slef/belonging
Risk factors for adolescent delinquency
hyperactivity
risk-taking behavior
aggressiveness
antisocial behavior
Stages of grief
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression’
Acceptance
Abnormal grief reaction
o Significant weight loss
o Significant sleep disturbances
o Intense feelings of guilt and worthlessness
o Hallucinations and delusions
o Attempts suicide
o Symptoms persist for more than 2 months
o Treatment- antidepressants
antipsychotic
electroconvulsive therapy
Normal grief reaction
- Bereavement is the period of grief and mourning after a death of loved one
o Minor weight loss and sleep disturbances
o Some guilty feelings
o Illusions
o Attempts to return to work
o Cries and expresses sadness
o Symptoms resolve within 2 months
o Treatment- supportive psychotherapy
short acting benzodiazepines
Older folks are more vulnerable to which conditions/feelings
o - depression,
o - hypochondriasis,
o - low self-esteem,
o - feelings of worthlessness, and
o - self-accusatory trends (especially about sex and sinfulness) with
o - paranoid and suicidal ideation.
Dementia
Schizophrenia
Describe the features of somatoform disorder
Physical symptoms that resemble a medical disease & are more common in older adults
Describe the features of Delusional disorder
Onset is between 40-55 but can happen at any time during the geriatric period
- paranoia
-violent
-reclusive
triggers can be:
- the death of a spouse,
- loss of a job,
- retirement,
- social isolation,
- adverse financial circumstances,
- debilitating medical illness or surgery,
- visual impairment, and deafness.
Schizophrenia
onset is late adolescence or early adulthood
more common in women
o Residual type of schizophrenia:
The residual type of schizophrenia occurs in about 30 % of persons with schizophrenia.
Its signs and symptoms include
* - emotional blunting,
* - social withdrawal,
* - eccentric behavior, and
* - illogical thinking.
- Delusions and hallucinations are uncommon.
Pseudo vs true dementia
o In true dementia, intellectual performance usually is global, and impairment is consistently poor; in pseudodementia, deficits in attention and concentration are variable
Describe acting out
o Avoiding personally unacceptable emotions by behaving in an attention getting often socially inappropriate manner
Describe altruism
o is the wilful sacrifice of one’s own interests or well-being for the sake of something that is non-self.
Describe disassociation
o Mentally separating part of one’s consciousness from real life events or mentally distancing oneself from others.
Describe Humor
o Expressing personally uncomfortable feelings without causing emotional discomfort
o Humor involves dealing with stress by emphasizing the amusing or ironic aspects of the situation.
Describe identification
o Unconsciously patterning one’s behavior after that someone more powerful
o The unconscious modelling of one’s self upon another person.
Describe intellectualization (sheldon cooper)
o Using the mind’s higher functions to avoid experiencing emotion.
o Intellectualization involves dealing with stress by excessively using abstract thinking and generalizations to avoid or minimize unpleasant feelings.
Isolation effect
o Using the mind’s higher functions to avoid experiencing emotion
Describe splitting
o Categorizing people or situations into categories of either good or bad because of intolerance of uncertainty
o e.g. A patient tells the doctor that while all of the doctors in the group practice are wonderful, all of the nurses and office help are unfriendly and curt
Describe undoing
o believing that one can magically reverse past events caused by incorrect behavior by now adopting correct behavior
o e.g. A woman who is terminally ill with AIDS caused by drug abuse, stops using drugs and alcohol and starts an exercise and healthful diet program
Describe somatization
o Somatization occurs where a psychological problem turns into physical and subconscious symptoms.
o e.g. Getting headache while taking an exam
Sensory memory
This type of memory allows you to remember sensory information after the stimulation has ended. It typically only holds onto information for brief periods2. There are three types of sensory memory: iconic (sight), echoic (sound), and haptic (touch)2.
Short term memory
Also known as primary or active memory, short-term memory allows you to recall specific information about anything for a brief period2. Research estimates that short-term memories only last for about 30 seconds2.
Working memory
This is a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension1.
Long term memory
This type of memory involves the storage of information over an extended period. Long-term memory can be further categorized as either implicit (unconscious) or explicit (conscious)2.
Implicit memory
Also known as non-declarative memory, it involves recollection that does not require conscious thought, such as motor skills
Explicit memory
: Also known as declarative memory, it involves conscious thought, such as recalling who came to dinner last night.
Episodic memory
This is a type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences1.
Semantic memory
Semantic memory is someone’s long-term store of knowledge: It’s composed of pieces of information such as facts learned in school, what concepts mean and how they are related, or the definition of a particular word1.
procedural memory
This type of long-term memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e., memory of motor skills. It does not involve conscious thought; for example, knowing how to ride a bike or type on a keyboard
Lesions of the limbic lobes typically present with what changes
- Anterograde amnesia (hippocampus especially pronounced in Alzheimer’s)
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome
- Decreased fear response (Amygdala)
- A hard time recognizing and understanding people’s facial expressions and tone (especially if they are angry)
What type of cognitive deficits might be expected in a patient with a _______ lobe lesion, such as difficulty with spatial perception, body awareness, and mathematical operations?
Lesion to the parietal lobe
A 56-year-old man presents to the ER with complaints of severe emotional lability, episodic memory loss, and impaired sense of smell. He also reports experiencing vivid dreams and déjà vu episodes. Upon further examination, the patient displays preserved language and motor function. Imaging reveals a lesion in the _______ lobe
Limbic lobe
Patients with parietal lobe lesions often present with changes to which forms of information processing by the brain?
- Impaired visual-spatial information processing
& - Verbal information processing
Patient comes in after experiencing severe head trauma. Upon arrival patient is unable to tell their right from left, do simple math, copy simple drawings, & neglects the left side numbers of a clock face when asked to draw it out. Where is the lesion located?
Parietal lobe
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is clinically described by what symptoms and tends to accompany what type of brain lesion?
Less aggression
More sexual behaviors and hyperorality (putting everything into the mouth)
&
Usually follows a lesion to the limbic lobes (hippocampus & amygdala)
Describe the clinical presentation of Gerstmann syndrome & what brain lesion it tends to accompany
- Agraphia (diff writing)
- Alexia (diff reading written words)
- Acalculia (diff with math)
- Left-Right disorientation
&
Typically follows a lesion in the parietal lobe
Describe the features of an occipital lobe lesion
- Blindness
- Visual hallucinations
- Can’t see camouflaged objects
Describe the features of a lesion to the hypothalamus
- Uncontrolled hunger (ventromedial nucleus dmg)
- Loss of appetite (Lateral nucleus dmg)
- Effects sexual activity & temperature regulation
Mr. Brown has been experiencing constant hunger, excessive thirst, and extreme fatigue. Despite eating frequently and consuming large quantities of water, he is unable to maintain a healthy weight and often feels weak and tired. In addition, Mr. Brown has been struggling with insomnia, experiencing difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep through the night. What type of brain lesion is he most likely to have?
Hypothalamus (specifically affective the ventromedial nucleus)
Describe the features of a lesion to the Reticular system
Changes to the sleep-wake cycle (less REM)
&
Loss of consciousness
Describe the feature of a lesion to the basal ganglia
Causes movement disorders
A lesion to the where in the basal ganglia causes Parkinson’s?
Substantia Nigra
A lesion to the where in the basal ganglia causes Huntingtons?
Caudate & putamen
A lesion to the where in the basal ganglia causes Tourettes?
Caudate
Describe the features of a lesion to the hippocampus?
Anterograde amnesia (can’t form new long-term memories)
Describe the features of a lesion to the Thalamus?
Retrograde amnesia (can’t recall old memories)
What is wrong with John, a patient who can’t seem to remember anything after his injury in a car accident? Despite his otherwise stable condition, John has trouble forming new memories and often wakes up wondering where he is and how he got there. When he is introduced to people, he will often forget their names within minutes, and repeatedly ask the same questions over and over again. His family members have become concerned as he has trouble remembering important events, appointments, and even where important household items are stored. While he can recall events before his accident quite well, he fails to remember any new events beyond a short-term memory span of just a few minutes.
Anterograde amnesia
What year is it? What happened to me? These are the questions that Jeff, a 45-year-old man, keeps asking repeatedly. Jeff was brought to the emergency department after he was found wandering the streets alone. It is unclear what happened to him but his medical records show that he was in a car accident three days ago. Jeff has retrograde amnesia and cannot remember anything that happened before the accident. He doesn’t recognize his family or friends and is confused about his surroundings. When asked to provide personal information such as his address or phone number, he draws a blank. Jeff’s doctors are unsure if his memory will improve over time or if he may have permanent damage to his brain.
Retrograde
Limbic system:
Hippocampus is responsible for what?
Emotion
Learning
Memory
Limbic system:
Amygdala is responsible for what?
Aggression
Eating/drinking drives
Sexual behaviors
Limbic system:
Hypothalamus is responsible for what?
Monitoring blood’s BP, sugar, salt, & hormone levels
Describe the features of a frontal lobe lesion
- Mood changes (dom depression, non-elevation)
- Judgement & inhibition impairments
- Emotional & personality changes
- Broca’s aphasia
What effects are specifically associated with dominant lesions of the frontal lobe?
Mood change (depression)
Broca’s aphasia
What effect is specifically associated with lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex?
Personality changes
Describe the features of temporal lobe lesion
- Impaired memory (Explicit aka semantic (facts) & episodic (personal))
- Psychomotor functions
- Changes in aggressive behavior
- Wernicke aphasia
explicit memory concerns memories of facts, events, and people it’s split into episodic memory and semantic memory describe the difference between the two
Semantic memory includes our factual knowledge while episodic memory is our personal experiences
Acetylcholine production primarily happens in what nucleus?
Nucleus basalis of meynert
Donepezil (ricept), Rivastigmine (exelon), & Galantamine (reminyl) are all drugs with what funtion?
Block acetylcholinesterase (AchE) to reduce Ach breakdown to delay Alzheimer’s (they can’t reverse any damage)
What are the 3 drugs used to block AchE in patients with Alzheimers?
Donepezil (aricept)
Rivastigmine (exelon)
Galatamine (reminyl)
What enzymes are responsible for converting Tryptophan into serotonin (5HT)
Tryptophan hydroxylase & AA decarboxylase
Where is Serotonin produced ?
In the dorsal Raphe nuclei
What AA is the precursor for serotonin
Tryptophan
Describe stereotyping
when we make assumptions or judgments about individuals based on their membership in a particular social or cultural group, rather than on their own unique characteristics or individual merits.
Describe generalizing
involves drawing conclusions based on patterns or characteristics that are perceived in a specific situation, and then applying those conclusions to similar situations
if someone has a positive experience with one person from a specific cultural group, they may assume that all individuals from that group are also likely to be friendly and welcoming what process does this describe?
Generalization
Assuming that all Asians are good at math
Stereotyping
Assuming that all teenagers are moody and rebellious.
Stereotype
Believing that women are more emotional than men, and therefore less logical.
Stereotype
Labeling individuals with mental health conditions as dangerous or unpredictable.
Stereotype
Believing that people who are introverted are socially awkward.
Stereotype
Assuming that people who are overweight are lazy or lack self-control.
Stereotype
Believing that individuals with tattoos or piercings are unprofessional or rebellious.
Stereotype
Assuming older adults as being technophobic or resistant to change
Stereotype
Assuming that all people from a particular ethnicity or culture share similar traits or behaviors.
Stereotyping
older adults tend to be less adaptable or slower in cognitive tasks therefor 78yr old mrs. green may not be able to use an iphone well
Generalization
Teenagers tend to be more impulsive or rebellious, therefor 15yr old boys may be at more likely to do risky activities
Generalization
Mexicans tend to have larger families, I wonder if maria has a large family?
Generalization
A physician has commonly seen women complain loudly when in pain, and then has a female patient that does not complain loudly as a result he does not re-examine her this is described as
generalization
Dopamine:
Elevated HVA (Homovanillic acid) may indicate what condition?
Schizophrenia and psychosis
Dopamine:
Decreased levels of HVA (Homovanillic acid) may indicate which conditions?
Parkinson’s
Depression
Antipsychotic agents
Norepinephrine:
Elevated VMA (Vanillylmandelic acid) can lead to what conditions
Adrenal medulla tumor (phenochromocytoma)
Norepinephrine:
Low MHPG (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol) indicates which conditons
severe depression & attempts at suicide
Serotonin:
Low 5HIAA (5 Hydroxyindolacetic acid) suggests which conditions
- Alcohol abuse
- Bulimia
- Severe depression
- Attempted suicide
- Aggressiveness & violence
- Impulsiveness & Tourette’s
Norepinephrine has a role in regulating what ?
Mood, anxiety, arousal, learning, & memory
What converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the ______ ?
Dopamine b-hydroxylase converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the noradrenergic neurons within the locus coeruleus
A patient skips therapy appointments after deep
discomfort from dealing with his past.
Acting out
Describe acting out
When we subconsciously cope with a stressor or conflict by using actions instead of reflecting on our feelings
A patient with cancer plans a full-time work schedule despite being warned of significant fatigue during chemotherapy.
Denial
Describe denial
When we avoid/don’t accept the awareness of a painful reality
person or object (vs projection).
After being reprimanded by her principal, a frustrated teacher returns home and criticizes her wife’s cooking instead of confronting the
principal directly.
Displacement
Describe displacement
When we redirect our emotions/impulses to another person/object
A survivor of sexual abuse sees the abuser and suddenly becomes numb and detached.
Dissociation
Describe dissociation
When there is a temporary but significant change in our personality, memory, or behavior to avoid emotional stress.
The patient probably has an incomplete or no memory of the trauma
A surgeon throws a tantrum in the operating room because the last case ran very late.
Fixation
Describe fixation
When we stay stuck at a more childish level of development
Describe idealization
When we express extremely positive emotions/thoughts to ourselves/others and ignoring our negative thoughts
patient boasts about his physician and his accomplishments while ignoring any flaws.
Idealization
A resident starts putting her stethoscope in her pocket like her favorite attending, instead of
wearing it around her neck like before
Identification
Describe identification
An unconscious assumption about the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group
A patient diagnosed with cancer discusses the pathophysiology of the disease
Intellectualization
Describe intellectualization
When we use facts and logic to emotionally distance ourselves from stressful events
Describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response.
Isolation (affect)
Describe Isolation (affect)
When we separate our feelings from ideas & events
A disgruntled employee is repeatedly late to work, but won’t admit it is a way to get back at the manager.
Passive aggression
Describe Passive aggression
When we demonstrate hostility in a non-confrontational way aka indirect opposition
A man who wants to cheat on his wife accuses his wife of being unfaithful.
Projection
Describe projection
When we attribute an unacceptable internal impulse to an another person/object (external source)
An employee who was recently fired claims that the job was not important anyway.
Rationalization
Describe rationalization
When we use a plausible explanation for things that happened for other reasons usually to avoid self-blame
A stepfather treats a child he resents with excessive nurturing and overprotection
Reaction formation
Describe Reaction formation
When we replace our actual feelings with actions that represent the opposite
A previously toilet-trained child begins
bedwetting again following the birth of a
sibling.
Regression
Describe regression
When we go back to an earlier psychosexual stage when exposed to a stressor
A 20-year-old does not remember going to counseling during his parents’ divorce 10 years earlier.
Repression
Describe repression
When our brains involuntarily withhold/suppress a memory from our awareness
A patient says that all the nurses are cold and insensitive, but the physicians are warm and friendly
Splitting
Describe splitting
Believing that people are either all good or all bad
Manic episode “DIG FAST” marked by persistently elevated mood for over a week
Distractibility
Impulsivity/Indiscretion
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Agitation
Talkativeness
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganized speech
Bizarre behavior
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- Flat/blunted affect
- Apathy
- Anhedonia
- Alogia
