Six Sigma | Chapter 10 - Testing Questions

Question 1

Determining driving forces and restraining forces is done as part of :
1. Force Field Analysis
2. Nominal Group Technique
3. Multivoting
4. PERT

Answer 1

1. Force Field Analysis

The objective of force field of analysis is to clearly identify the driving forces and restraining forces. The objective here is to maximize driving forces for the changes and decrease the restraining forces.

Question 2

A graphic representation of possible causes for any particular problem under study is also referred to as:
1. Fishbone diagram
2. FMEA
3. Hypothesis testing
4. None of the above

Answer 2

1. Fishbone diagram

Developed by Kaoru Ishikawa in 1960`s, Fishbone diagram is a graphic representation of possible causes for any particular problem under study.

Question 3

Which element of a process receives immediate attention in the Theory of Constraints?

1. The most problematic
2. The most important
3. The most efficient
4. The most complicated

Answer 3

1. The most problematic

In businesses that apply the theory of constrains, the most problematic element of a process receives immediate attention.

The most problematic area is known as the constraint.

The focus is reduce the constraint without diminishing performance in other areas of the process

Question 4

Which distribution is appropriate for a continuous set of data with a fixed lower boundary but no upper boundary?

1. Johnson
2. Exponential
3. Normal
4. Lognormal

Answer 4

4. Lognormal

In most cases the lower boundary on a lognormal distribution is zero

These distributions can be tested with a goodness-of-fit test.

A Johnson distribution is more appropriate for continuous data that for whatever reason is inappropriate for a normal or exponential distribution.

An Exponential distribution is appropriate for any set of continuous data, though these distributions are most often used for frequency data

A normal distribution is appropriate for a set of continuous data with neither an upper nor a lower boundary

Question 5

In Six Sigma, X’s are

1. Unknown variables
2. Excess Variables
3. Process Inputs
4. Response Variables

Question 6

Two variables A and B are plotted in a scatter diagram.

What does a positive, negative, or no correlation look like?

What does a strong or weak correlation look like?

Answer 6

Positive Correlation - Correlation coefficient is 1
X increases and Y increases

Negative Correlation - Correlation coefficient is -1
X increases and Y decreases

No Correlation - Correlation coefficient is 0
X increases or decreases and Y stays the same

The closer the correlation coefficient is to 1 or -1, the stronger the correlation, and the closer it is to 0, the weaker it is.

Question 7

In a six sigma project, highest intensity of conflicts occurs over:
1. Priorities
2. Schedules
3. Manpower
4. Administration

Answer 7

2. Schedules

The conflict intensity is maximum related to schedules

Question 8

Which of the following tools are used to map the voice of the customer to internal company processes?
1. Balanced Scorecard
2. Quality function deployment
3. Survey
4. Focus Group

Answer 8

2. Quality function deployment

After getting inputs from the customer, QFD can be used to map the voice of the customer to internal company processes and also to facilitate competitive evaluation. QFD analysis includes inputs from all groups inside the organization, and forms the basis for determining the requirements for the project.

Question 9

Specification limits are defined by …………..

1. Process data
2. The customer
3. The Master Black Belt
4. The supplier

Answer 9

2. The customer

Question 10

In which stage of team evolution, there is growing discontent with doing the same repetitive tasks
1. Forming
2. Norming
3. Storming
4. Adjourning

Answer 10

4. Adjourning

Adjourning: Either after completion of tasks or changes, team members leave for other tasks or new members are hired. There may be discontent with doing the same repetitive tasks and unless the group is consciously redeveloped, it will regress back to Forming / Storming stages

Question 11

All the following are tools for idea generation EXCEPT:
1. Surveys
2. Focus Groups
3. Brainstorming
4. Affinity diagram

Answer 11

4. Affinity diagram

Affinity diagrams are used for Idea categorization

Question 12

Number of defects is 10, Opportunity for Errors is 2, number of units is 5. What is the DPO?

1. 1
2. 4
3. 0.1
4. 0.4

Answer 12

1. 1

Defects per opportunity (DPO)= Defect/(Product x Opportunities)

DPO = (10)/(5*2) = 10/10 = 1

Question 13

Which as the the three most important characteristics of process metrics?

1. Rationality, Reliability, Repeatability
2. Reliability, Reproducibility, Repeatability
3. Reliability, Responsibility, Rationality
4. Repeatability Responsibility, Reproducibility

Answer 13

2. Reliability, Reproducibility, Repeatability

Reliability - results can be trusted to accurately represent the process measured

Reproducibility - metric can be applied in different situations and obtain a reliable result

Repeatability - metric can be applied in same situation multiple times and achieve same result

Question 14

Which pioneer of quality control emphasized four key actions implementing quality management: establish standards, create metrics that confirm to these standards, resolve issues that impede conformance, plan for continuous improvement:

1. W. Edward Deming
2. Joseph M. Juran
3. Armand V Feigenbaum
4. Philip B. Crosby

Answer 14

3. Armand V Feigenbaum

Question 15

A histogram is used when:

1. Both X and Y variables are continuous
2. Both X and Y variables are discrete
3. X variable is continuous and Y variable is discrete
4. X variable is discrete and Y variable is continuous

Answer 15

2. Both X and Y variables are discrete

Question 16

In which stage of team evolution, is there maximum scope of conflicts?
1. Forming
2. Norming
3. Storming
4. Adjourning

Answer 16

3. Storming

Storming: As team members get to know each other, there is growing awareness of hidden agendas and if goals are not well defined, conflict may occur. Although there is conflict, typically there is advancement in task functions and roles.

Question 17

Which of the following is not true about “common causes”?

1. Common causes are present at all times
2. Common causes typically have a bigger influence
3. Common causes result in a random variation
4. Effects due to common causes can be tolerated

Answer 17

2. Common causes typically have a bigger influence

Question 18

How well the measurement system performs over a range of events can be measured using:
1. Precision
2. Accuracy
3. Linearity
4. Stability

Answer 18

3. Linearity

Linearity is a measure of how well the measurement system performs over a range of events

Question 19

Process ‘A’ is identified to have 4000 defects per million opportunities. In this context, what is the sigma level of process ‘A’?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 5
4. 4

Answer 19

3. 5

If only 3 sigma can be fitted within the specification limits from the target, the process is at ‘Three Sigma’

Question 20

In solution design matrix, the key criteria on which the project will be evaluated can be got from any one of the following EXCEPT:
1. Project Charter
2. Kano Model
3. Ishikawa diagrams
4. Implementation plan

Answer 20

4. Implementation plan

In solution design matrix, we determine the key criteria on which the project will be evaluated (the criteria are got from the project charter, process map, QFD, Kano Model, Ishikawa diagrams etc.)

Question 21

Ratio of profit divided by investment is also referred to as:
1. Return on Assets
2. Net Profit
3. Gross Profit
4. Return on investment

Answer 21

4. Return on investment

ROI(Return on investment) is a measure of the income (or profit) divided by investment. ROI measures how effectively the company uses its capital to generate profits

Question 22

Which is typically the first category to be identified in SIPOC analysis?

1. Suppliers
2. Inputs
3. Outputs
4. Processes

Answer 22

3. Outputs

SIPOC is typically performed during the DEFINE stage of DMAIC

Typical to create a process map or flowchart at the beginning

Outputs are the first category to be identified, because it facilitates the identification of suppliers, inputs, and customers

Question 23

Which method of creating a prioritization matrix is appropriate when time is limited?

1. Partial analytical method
2. Consensus-criteria method
3. Full analytical method
4. Summary method

Answer 23

2. Consensus-criteria method

A group of people allotted a hundred points that they allocate across a series of criteria on perceived importance.

Prioritization matrices are used to identify projects that will create the most value improvement over the long term.

Question 24

In a process map, a decision step is represented by which symbol?
1. Rectangle
2. Diamond
3. Oval
4. Arrow

Answer 24

2. Diamond

In a process map, we use a Diamond to represent a decision step i.e. different alternatives possible depending on the input to this step

Hint - Decision and Diamond are the only D starting words

Question 25

Information from all the following are used for creation of FMEA except:
1. QFD
2. Process Map
3. Ishikawa Diagram
4. Control chart

Answer 25

4. Control chart

Information from Process Map, Ishikawa Diagram and QFD are used in creation of FMEA

Question 26

Temperature, humidity etc are examples of:
1. Continuous data
2. Discrete data
3. Attributes
4. None of the above

Answer 26

1. Continuous data

Continuous data includes temperature, humidity etc.

Question 27

Which type of diagram is used to eliminate unnecessary movement during a process?

1. Spaghetti
2. Scatter
3. Ishikawa
4. Matrix

Answer 27

1. Spaghetti

Scatter diagram displays correlation between two variables

Ishikawa diagram outlines causes of an event as well as possible results of particular actions

Matrix diagrams look a great deal like a table of data with the strength between relationships indicated by the value in each cell.

Question 28

All the following issues need to be negotiated in a project charter EXCEPT:
1. Objectives
2. Project Closure
3. Project Initiation
4. Project Boundaries

Answer 28

3. Project Initiation

Some important issues which need to be negotiated in a project charter include:

1. Objectives : Quantifiable criteria that must be met to for the project to be considered successful
2. Scope: This is a measure of the work required to complete the project successfully
3. Boundaries: Project boundary states explicitly what is in scope and what is out of scope for the project
4. Resources: In creation of project charter, critical resources (including people and funding required) are negotiated to ensure that appropriate resources are available.
5. Project closure activities
6. Project transition activities

Question 29

As X variable increases, even the Y variable increases. This indicates?

1. No correlation
2. Negative correlation
3. Positive correlation
4. Strong negative correlation

Answer 29

3. Positive correlation

Question 30

In which phase of the Six Sigma, the problem statement is defined?
1. Define
2. Measure
3. Analyze
4. Improve

Answer 30

1. Define

Question 31

As per Herzberg’s theory of motivators, short term changes in job attitudes and performance were achieved through:
1. Hygiene factors
2. Motivators
3. Satisfiers
4. None of the above

Answer 31

1. Hygiene factors

Herzberg`s theory: motivators (satisfiers) were associated with long-term positive effects in job performance while the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) consistently produced only short-term changes in job attitudes and performance, which quickly fell back to its previous level

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE about the term “Problem Statement”?

1. Needs to be SMART
2. Quantitatively describes the pain in the current process
3. Needs to have a start and end point
4. Needs to be driven by an emotion to make it compelling

Answer 32

2. Quantitatively describes the pain in the current process

Question 33

__________ is any small improvement in your business process.

1. Lean
2. Kanban
3. Six Sigma
4. Kaizen

Answer 33

4. Kaizen

Question 34

As per Six Sigma philosophy, who is responsible for project sponsorship?
1. Subject Matter Expert
2. Master Black Belt
3. Executive Management
4. Six Sigma Green Belt

Answer 34

3. Executive Management

Executive Management (also referred to as Deployment Champions) is responsible for sponsorship of the project and allows for commitment of organization resources to the six sigma project.

Question 35

1. Continuous data
2. Discrete data
3. Variables
4. None of the above

Answer 35

2. Discrete data

Ranking, Rating, Yes/No questions are examples of Discrete data (attributes)

Question 36

Six sigma provided the ability to measure defects in range of :
1. hundreds of opportunities
2. thousands of opportunities
3. millions of opportunities
4. billions of opportunities

Answer 36

3. millions of opportunities

The person who first coined the term “Six Sigma” was Bill Cohen, an engineer with Motorola. Later, in 1986, Bill Smith, a senior scientist at Motorola, standardized the way in which defects are measured using Six Sigma. Instead of measuring defects in thousands of opportunities, Six Sigma provided the ability to measure defects in millions of opportunities – thereby providing significant improvement in quality.

Question 37

Identify the basic differences between DMAIC and DMADV:

1. DMADV - Design of new products or improvements in existing products; DMAIC - Improvement in an existing process
2. DMADV - Improvement in an existing process
3. DMAIC - Design of new products or improvement in existing products; DMADV and DMAIC both are the same
4. None of the above

Answer 37

1. DMADV - Design of new products or improvements in existing products; DMAIC - Improvement in an existing process

DMADV is used when the existing product or process does not meet the level of customer specification or Six Sigma level even after optimization with or without using DMAIC. The DMAIC process should be used when an existing product or process can be improved to meet or exceed the customer’s requirements

Question 38

The stated or unstated needs of the customer are also referred to as:
1. Critical Vital Xs
2. Balanced scorecard analysis
3. Voice of customer
4. Attractive Attributes

Answer 38

3. Voice of customer

Voice of the customer refers to the stated or unstated needs of the customer which need to be understood very well before designing any product or service.

Question 39

DMADV refers to…

1. Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Validate
2. Define, Measure, Analyze, Define, Validate
3. Define, Modify, Analyze, Design, Validate
4. Define, Measure, Analyze, Demonstrate, Verify

Answer 39

1. Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Validate

All answers online say DMADV (Define—Measure—Analyze—Design—Verify).

Question 40

Which pioneer of quality control wrote Quality Is Free?

1. W. Edward Deming
2. Joseph M. Juran
3. Armand V Feigenbaum
4. Philip B. Crosby

Answer 40

4. Philip B. Crosby

Question 41

This tool visually displays step-by-step process activities and flow in time sequence:

1. SIPOC
2. Run Chart
3. Process Maps
4. Normality Test

Answer 41

3. Process Maps

Question 42

All the following are objectives of Analysis phase Except:
1. Doing analysis of present system
2. Analyzing whether the present system can be further improved
3. Determining major milestones and risks in successfully completing the project
4. Creating run charts

Answer 42

4. Creating run charts

Choice 1, choice 2 and choice 3 are objectives of the analysis phase

Question 43

The center line of a control chart is called?

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
4. Standard Deviation

Answer 43

1. Mean

Question 44

When using solution design matrix, what is the benefit rating given to each criteria in the existing solution?
1. 0
2. -1
3. 1
4. Depends on the criteria

Answer 44

1. 0

While using solution design matrix, benefit rating for each criteria is determined by taking inputs from team members. Existing design is provided a rating of “0” on all the criteria

Question 45

Simplest experiments used in DOE are:
1. Zero factor at a time
2. One factor at a time
3. Two factorial design
4. Full factorial experiment

Answer 45

2. One factor at a time

One-factor-at-a-time: Level of the first factor is changed while others stay the same. One or more trials are run until the best level of first factor is determined which maximizes the response variable. These are the simplest experiments used in DOE.

Question 46

The starting point for a balanced scorecard is:
1. Vision and Strategy of organization
2. Creating a dashboard to display metrics of stakeholder
3. Determining all the causes
4. Determining all the effects

Answer 46

1. Vision and Strategy of organization

Balanced scorecard begins with determining the vision and strategy for the organization. This forms the basis for every balanced scorecard.

Question 47

All the following are tools for six sigma Improve phase EXCEPT?
1. Solution Design Matrix
2. Return on Investment
3. RSM
4. Implementation plan

Answer 47

4. Implementation plan

Implementation Plan is an output from six sigma Improve phase

Question 48

Probability that current controls would be able to detect potential failure modes before the product is released to the customer is captured using:
1. Failure Mode
2. Occurrence rating
3. Severity rating
4. Detection rating

Answer 48

4. Detection rating

Determine the Detection Rating: The detection rating corresponds to the probability that current controls would be able to detect potential failure modes before the product is released to the customer. This is done in a scale from 1 to 10: 1: will detect failure, 10: almost certain that it will not detect failure. (e.g. in this case, the team decides that there is a very low probability that current controls will detect error – hence they provide a low detection rating of 8)

Question 49

In process map, a process step or action taken is represented by :
1. Rectangle
2. Diamond
3. Oval
4. Arrow

Answer 49

1. Rectangle

In a process map we use a Rectangle to represent a process step or action taken.

Each process step has one or more inputs, does some activity, and creates one or more outputs

Question 50

In a measurement scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point. This is an example of which measurement scale?
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Answer 50

4. Ratio

In ratio scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point.

Question 51

How many runs would be required in a complete factorial design if there are four levels and three factors?

1. 7
2. 12
3. 64
4. 81

Answer 51

3. 64

The number of required runs is calculated by raising the number of levels to a power equal to the number of factors.

Levels are the base and factors are the exponent

(Level) ^ (Factor) = 4 ^ 3 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64

Question 52

Questions that request the customers to write description of their views or opinions are also called:
1. Open ended questions
2. Rating questions
3. Ranking questions
4. Intensity scale questions

Answer 52

1. Open ended questions

Open Ended questions : questions which request the customers to write down their views or opinions (e.g. What is your perfect holiday? ___________________)

Question 53

It is extremely important to balance needs of all stakeholders. Usually stakeholders have conflicting needs and focusing too much on any particular group may be detrimental to needs of other stakeholders. Balancing needs of all stakeholders can be achieve:
1. Surveys or focus groups
2. Customer requirements analysis
3. Data collection and analysis
4. Balanced Scorecards

Answer 53

4. Balanced Scorecards

Balanced scorecards are an effective tool to balance needs of all stakeholders

Question 54

In a particular scale of measurement, the distance between adjacent points on the scale are equal. These types of scale permit the measurement of degrees of difference, and the specific amount of difference. These scales do not have a natural zero. The scale of measurement described here is _____________.
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Answer 54

3. Interval

In Interval scales, the distance between adjacent points on the scale are equal.

These types of scale permit the measurement of degrees of difference, and the specific amount of difference.

These scales do not have a natural zero.

This is a widely used scale because important tools like measuring of averages, mode, median, mean etc. can be used for such scales.

Please note that although for an interval scale, differences make sense, ratios do not e.g. difference in dates makes sense but there is no meaning in ratio of the dates.

Question 55

……….creates the Six Sigma vision for an organization.

1. Champion
2. Master Black Belt
3. Executive Leadership
4. Black Belt

Answer 55

3. Executive Leadership

Justification: Executive Leadership includes project sponsors and process owners. They create the Six Sigma vision for an organization.

Question 56

In SPC, the process data helps determine:
1. Specification Limits
2. Control Limits
3. Out of control processes
4. None of the above

Answer 56

2. Control Limits

Upper Control Limit (UCL) and Lower Control Limit (LCL): These are defined by the six sigma expert and usually lie within the upper and lower specification limits. These are calculated from the process data and if all the process data stays within the control limits then it is very likely that the variation is inherent in the process i.e. common cause of variation. So, control limits provide boundaries for a process which is under control. If the process data lies outside the control limits, then it is a special cause of variation and indicates that the process is out of control

Question 57

Which of the following is a consensus planning tool to prioritise issues?
1. Force Field Analysis
2. Nominal Group Technique
3. Multivoting
4. PERT

Answer 57

2. Nominal Group Technique

Developed by Delbecq, Van de Ven and Gustafson in 1971, Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is used as a consensus planning tool to prioritize issues. It facilitates decision making and organizational planning where creative solutions are sought. It is usually carried out early on in a six sigma project to get feedback and buy-in from team members about creative ideas in the team.

Question 58

QFD is carried out by:
1. Six sigma black belts
2. Six sigma green belts
3. Financial Subject matter experts
4. Cross-functional group of individuals

Answer 58

4. Cross-functional group of individuals

QFD is usually carried out by a cross-functional group of individuals who are tasked with developing a new product or refining an existing one.

Question 59

Who wrote the book “Out of Crisis” to help US companies compete with Japanese manufacturers?
1. Joseph M Juran
2. Philip Crosby
3. Deming
4. None of the above

Answer 59

3. Deming

Deming wrote a book called “Out of the Crisis” which set out 14 Management Guidelines which could be used by US companies to improve quality and compete with Japanese manufacturing.

Question 60

Possibility that a failure effect and its corresponding failure cause will occur in the current system is also called:
1. Failure Mode
2. Occurrence rating
3. Severity rating
4. Detection rating

Answer 60

2. Occurrence rating

Determine the occurrence rating: Occurrence is a rating scale of the possibility that a failure effect and its corresponding failure cause will occur in the current system. This is done in a scale from 1 to 10: 1: failure very unlikely, 10: failure certain. (e.g. the team decides that measurement of wrong temperature due to wrong calibration of thermometer has a low occurrence and assign it a value of 4)

Question 61

As per the Kano Model, product characteristics can be classified into the following categories except:
1. Basic Attributes
2. Direct Attributes
3. Performance Attributes
4. Attractive Attributes

Answer 61

2. Direct Attributes

Kano classified product characteristics into three categories i.e. Threshold/Basic Attributes, Performance Attributes and Attractive Attributes

Question 62

Which of the following statements best describes a six sigma project. Six sigma projects satisfy:
1. One need
2. One or more needs
3. Several needs
4. None of the above

Answer 62

2. One or more needs

A six sigma project may satisfy one or more needs.

Question 63

Comparison of company`s product with those of competitors is also called:
1. Correlation Matrix
2. Relationship Matrix
3. Competitive Evaluation
4. Target Values

Answer 63

3. Competitive Evaluation

Planning (Competitive Evaluation): This shows the companys products and those of the competitors. By comparing the products, the team would know how the company rates on each of the customers wants and helps the company in better understanding competition

Question 64

In the relationship Y = F(X), Y is

1. Output
2. Input
3. Tool
4. Process

Answer 64

1. Output

This is part of balanced scorecard (chapter 2, page 10) and a dashboard displays metrics for each stakeholder. Each of the results (the Y’s) of the metric are caused by special effects ( the X’s).

Y is a function of several effects (X’s)

Question 65

A control plan contains (select the best answer)
1. control methods to be used
2. data to be collected
3. steps to be taken if problems are detected.
4. All of the above

Answer 65

4. All of the above

A control plan contains information about product and process characteristics. It states the control methods to be used, data to be collected and steps to be taken if problems are detected.

Question 66

Which of the following is an output from six sigma Improve phase?
1. Taguchi robustness concepts
2. Return on Investment
3. RSM
4. Cost/Benefit for different solutions

Answer 66

4. Cost/Benefit for different solutions

Cost/Benefit for different solutions is an output from six sigma Improve phase

Question 67

Impact of failure on the customer is also called:
1. Failure Mode
2. Failure Effect
3. Failure cause
4. Current controls

Answer 67

2. Failure Effect

Identify Potential failure effects: Failure effects are the impact of failure on the customer i.e. the “Y” variable (e.g. However, the thermometer registers wrong temperature than the actual temperature of the patient. So, the potential failure effect here is “Wrong Temperature registered.”) Please note that there could be more than one potential failure effect or Y variable.

Question 68

Which of the following is an output from six sigma control phase?
1. Business case
2. Statistical process control
3. Implemented solutions
4. Implementation plan

Answer 68

3. Implemented solutions

Implemented solutions is an output from six sigma control phase

Question 69

What is the name for the amount of completed product divided by the original amount of product?

1. Scrap rate
2. Throughput yield
3. Yield
4. Rolled throughput yield

Answer 69

3. Yield

More popular critical-to-quality metrics. Ideal yield is one (or 100%).

Scrap rate is the percentage of materials not ultimately used in products.

Throughput yield is the average percentage of completed units with no defects.

Rolled throughput yield is the quality level that can be anticipated after several steps in the process have been completed

Question 70

In which stage of the project, is there avoidance of conflict as team members begin to know each other?
1. Forming
2. Norming
3. Storming
4. Performing

Answer 70

1. Forming

Forming : Team members begin to know each other and their reason for being together. Usually, there is confusion around roles and responsibilities. This stage includes avoidance of conflict as team members get to know each other

Question 71

Suppose you had the following information:
Target = 23
Specification Limits = + or - 3
Average = 23
SD = 0.6

The process is what sigma level?
1. 3
2. 4
3. 5
4. 6

Answer 71

Multiply the standard deviation by a sigma level to find the closest specification limits.

In this case 0.6 x 5 = 3. 5 SD’s of performance from the average can be fitted within the specification limit.

The process is a five sigma process.

Question 72

Scale where items are assigned to groups or categories and there is no ordering of data is also referred to as:
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Answer 72

1. Nominal

Nominal: Here, items are assigned to groups or categories. There is no ordering of data (i.e data collected does not show that something is better than the other). Nominal scales are therefore qualitative rather than quantitative. Variables measured on a nominal scale are often referred to as categorical or qualitative variables

Question 73

Number of satisfied customers of your product is:
1. Continous data
2. Discrete data
3. None of the above
4. Either Continous data or discrete data depending on situation

Answer 73

2. Discrete data

Number of satisfied customers is a whole number and hence a discrete data

Question 74

Which of the following is not a component of a project charter?

1. Problem Statement
2. Project Scope
3. Milestones
4. SIPOC

Answer 74

4. SIPOC

Question 75

In which phase of Six Sigma are the sources of variation identified?
1. Define
2. Measure
3. Analyze
4. Control

Answer 75

2. Measure

Question 76

LSL and USL are calculated using:

1. Sigma level of the process
2. Voice of the customer
3. Process Data
4. Control Limits

Answer 76

2. Voice of the customer

Question 77

According to Joseph M. Juran, Quality from a customer’s perspective has two aspects namely:
1. Conformance to requirements and exceeding customer expectations
2. Better Product and Long lasting
3. Minimum noise and maximum price benefit
4. More Features and Freedom from trouble

Answer 77

4. More Features and Freedom from trouble

Juran proposed that Quality from a customer perspective has two aspects : a) more features and b) freedom from trouble. So, improvement of quality should deliver these two aspects to customers.

Question 78

All the following are tools to Analysis phase EXCEPT?
1. Special and Common cause of variation
2. Ishikawa diagrams
3. Hypothesis testing
4. FMEA

Answer 78

1. Special and Common cause of variation

Special and common cause of variation is an output to Analysis phase

Question 79

Increased revenue, reduction in costs, cost avoidance, improved productivity and improved customer satisfaction are examples of
1. Project costs
2. Project Benefits
3. ROI
4. None of the above

Answer 79

2. Project Benefits

Project benefits can be divided into categories like increased revenue, reduction in costs, cost avoidance, improved productivity, improved customer satisfaction etc.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a tool for Six Sigma Methodology - Define
1. Organization Hierarchy
2. Process Maps
3. Pareto charts
4. Project charter

Answer 80

4. Project charter

Problem charter is an output for Define in DMAIC

Question 81

Which of the following are benefits of process map (select the best answer)
1. Helps clarify several process steps and process flow which may not be understood clearly before
2. Helps all members of the team gain appreciation for the work being done by others in the team
3. Visually shows the various alternatives possible and helps in selecting an appropriate solution
4. All of the above

Answer 81

4. All of the above

Benefits of process maps: - Helps clarify several process steps and process flow which may not be understood clearly before. - Helps all members of the team gain appreciation for the work being done by others in the team. - Visually shows the various alternatives possible and helps in selecting an appropriate solution.

Question 82

The result of QFD is also referred to as:
1. House of quality
2. Balanced scorecard
3. Survey
4. Focus group

Answer 82

1. House of quality

The result of a QFD analysis is called “house of quality” which is a set of matrices that provide direction to the company about which features or attributes should be implemented in the product.

Question 83

Setting or category that a variable may take is also called:
1. Factor
2. Level
3. Trial
4. Response Variable

Answer 83

2. Level

Levels: Setting or category that a variable may take. Two or more levels could be chosen for each category

Question 84

Which pioneer of quality control stressed the importance of customer satisfaction as a goal of quality control?

1. W. Edward Deming
2. Joseph M. Juran
3. Armand V Feigenbaum
4. Philip B. Crosby

Answer 84

2. Joseph M. Juran

Question 85

Which conflict handling technique is characterized with a “give and take” approach?
1. Withdrawal
2. Bargaining
3. Compromising
4. Confrontation

Answer 85

3. Compromising

Compromising: Bargaining and searching for solutions that bring some degree of satisfaction to the parties in a dispute. Characterized by a “give and take” attitude

Question 86

All the following are inputs for Measure Phase except
1. Project Charter
2. Established Metrics
3. Statistical Distributions
4. Problem Statement

Answer 86

3. Statistical Distributions

Statistical Distributions is a Tool for Measure in DMAIC

Inputs to Measure phase include:
- Project Charter
- Established metrics
- Problem Statement
- Roles and Responsibilities

Question 87

What does DMAIC refer to? List acronym words.

Answer 87

Define

Measure

Analyze

Improve

Control

Question 88

Six sigma refers to decreasing the number of defects to :
1. 67 per thousand
2. 15 per million
3. 3.4 per million
4. 1.2 per billion

Answer 88

3. 3.4 per million

Literally, Six Sigma refers to decreasing the number of defects to 3.4 defects per million opportunities (i.e. success rate of 99.9997%).

Question 89

In a control plan, the Process section:
1. states who created the control plan, contact person for questions, name of person who is taking the measurement etc.
2. describes the process and its characteristics which would be measured through the control chart
3. describes the data that should be collected for the process
4. is not important and can be removed from the control plan

Answer 89

2. describes the process and its characteristics which would be measured through the control chart

Process section : describes the process and its characteristics which would be measured through the control chart

Question 90

Which of the following assertions is true with regard to the Six-sigma approach?
1. It is a factual-data based methodology.
2. It is only used to bring about improvements in manufacturing processes.
3. It aims at bringing down defects to 13.4 per million opportunities.
4. Its main objective is to make the organization as lean as possible

Answer 90

1. It is a factual-data based methodology.

Justification: Six Sigma is a data driven, customer focused and result oriented methodology which uses statistical tools and techniques to systematically eliminate the defects and inefficiencies to improve processes

Question 91

All the following are destructive roles in a six sigma project except:
1. Aggressor
2. Recognition Seeker
3. Encourager
4. Blocker

Answer 91

3. Encourager

Encourager is a constructive role

Question 92

Attributes directly proportional to customer satisfaction are also called:
1. Basic Attributes
2. Direct Attributes
3. Performance Attributes
4. Attractive Attributes

Answer 92

3. Performance Attributes

Performance Attributes: Attributes which are directly proportional to customer satisfaction. Increased availability of these features improves customer satisfaction; decreased availability results in greater dissatisfaction

Question 93

How is takt time calculated?

1. Available time divided by demand
2. Overall process time minus time required for a particular task
3. Demand divided by the amount of time available
4. Time required for a task divided by demand

Answer 93

1. Available time divided by demand

This value is also known as the target process time.

The takt time is the maximum amount of time a process can take without slowing down the overall completion of the task

Question 94

Which of the following characteristics of a measurement system shows how data clustered around the center can be depicted?
1. Precision
2. Accuracy
3. Linearity
4. Stability

Answer 94

1. Precision

Precision shows how the measurements are clustered around the center i.e. spread of the measurements

Question 95

Which of the following is an output for Measure Phase of six sigma project
1. Baseline Process Capability
2. Validation techniques
3. Run Charts
4. Problem Statement

Answer 95

1. Baseline Process Capability

Baseline Process Capability is an output from Measure Phase of six sigma project

Question 96

How well the measurement system performs over time can be measured using:
1. Precision
2. Accuracy
3. Linearity
4. Stability

Answer 96

4. Stability

Stability is a measure of how well does the measurement system performs over time

Question 97

In your DOE experiment, only some of the possible factors and levels are studied simultaneously. This is an example of:
1. Zero factor at a time
2. One factor at a time
3. Fractional factorial experiment
4. Full factorial experiment

Answer 97

3. Fractional factorial experiment

Fractional factorial experiment: Only some of the possible factors and levels are studied simultaneously

Question 98

Statement of what is in scope and what is out of scope for the project is also called:
1. Objectives
2. Project Closure
3. Project Initiation
4. Boundaries

Answer 98

4. Boundaries

Boundaries: Project boundary states explicitly what is in scope and what is out of scope for the project

Question 99

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about “Lean”?

1. Lean is any small improvement in your business process
2. Lean is focused on elimination of waste
3. Lean is well executed when the cause is known and the solution is simple
4. A Lean project takes between 0-5 days to complete

Answer 99

2. Lean is focused on elimination of waste

Question 100

Who among the following resources should always be a part of six sigma project core team?
1. Green Belt or Black Belt
2. Subject Matter Experts
3. Six Sigma Champion
4. None of the above

Answer 100

1. Green Belt or Black Belt

Six Sigma Green Belt or Black Belt should be a part of six sigma project core team

Question 101

From a six sigma project perspective, while calculating ROI, investment refers to:
1. Cost of material
2. All Project costs
3. Human resource cost
4. None of the above

Answer 101

2. All Project costs

For a six sigma project perspective, the project cost is the investment, and income is the quantified benefits accrued from the project. So, ROI for a six sigma project is the ratio of project benefits to project costs.

Question 102

In a focus group, how many people would you ideally use?
1. 1 - 3
2. 4 - 7
3. 6 - 10
4. 8 - 12

Answer 102

3. 6 - 10

A focus group usually consists of 6-10 people selected from a group because of some common characteristics as required for the focus group

Question 103

Which of the following is not an input to Six Sigma Methodology - Define
1. Need for project
2. Problem Statement
3. Executive Management Sponsorship
4. Core Team identified

Answer 103

2. Problem Statement

Problem statement is an output for Define in DMAIC

Question 104

A systematic methodology to develop a data collection strategy for the process is also called
1. Control plan
2. Statistical process control
3. Control chart
4. Implementation plan

Answer 104

1. Control plan

Created during the Control phase of a six sigma project, the control plan is a systematic methodology to develop a data collection strategy for the process.

Question 105

What is the responsibility of deployment champions?
1. sponsorship of the project and allowing for commitment of organization resources to the six sigma project
2. providing guidance and coaching others in the organization about the six sigma philosophy
3. performing the operations required for the six sigma project and working with the project team to ensure that appropriate deliverables are met.
4. providing expertise wherever required.

Answer 105

1. sponsorship of the project and allowing for commitment of organization resources to the six sigma project

Executive Management (also referred to as Deployment Champions) is responsible for sponsorship of the project and allow for commitment of organization resources to the six sigma project.

Question 106

Specific parameter used to decide if the process is improving is called
1. Factor
2. Level
3. Trial
4. Response Variable

Answer 106

4. Response Variable

Response Variable: Specific parameter used to decide if the process is improving; helps in determining the type of data to be collected

Question 107

Identifying and ranking which of the opportunities would yield maximum benefits and hence should be pursued first is done through:
1. Nominal group technique
2. Process map
3. Pareto chart
4. Multivoting

Answer 107

3. Pareto chart

Pareto chart helps in identifying and ranking which of the opportunities would yield maximum benefits and hence should be pursued first.

Question 108

Any variable that may influence a process is also called:
1. Factor
2. Level
3. Trial
4. Response Variable

Answer 108

1. Factor

Factor: Any variable that may influence a process

Question 109

Which of the following corresponds to the Vital X’s or root causes for the problem identified
1. Failure Mode
2. Failure Effect
3. Failure cause
4. Current controls

Answer 109

3. Failure cause

Failure causes: These are the low level bones of the Ishikawa diagram. They correspond to the Vital X’s or root causes for the problem identified. (e.g. it was determined that a failure cause for the problem is that thermometer was not calibrated properly). Please note that for each effect, there could be more than one potential failure cause. Similarly there could be multiple effects for each failure cause.

Question 110

When decisions are made about a population using sample data, we should use:
1. Hypothesis testing
2. FMEA Analysis
3. Fishbone diagram
4. None of the above

Answer 110

1. Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis testing is required when decisions are made about a population using sample data.

Question 111

Which of the following is an input to Analysis phase?
1. QFD
2. COPQ
3. Hypothesis testing
4. FMEA

Answer 111

2. COPQ

COPQ(Cost of poor quality) is an input to the Analysis phase of 6 sigma projects

Question 112

Which quality guru is credited with the discovery of cause and effect diagrams?
1. Deming
2. Taguchi
3. Ishikawa
4. Crosby

Answer 112

3. Ishikawa

Kaoru Ishikawa used cause and effect diagrams (also referred to as Ishikawa or fishbone diagrams) to systematically list all the causes that can be attributed to an effect (or problem).

Question 113

Gage R & R is a tool for?
1. Define
2. Measure
3. Analyze
4. Improve

Answer 113

2. Measure

Question 114

All the following are tools for six sigma control phase EXCEPT
1. Control plan
2. Statistical process control
3. Lessons Learned
4. Kanban

Answer 114

3. Lessons Learned

Lessons learned is an output from six sigma control phase

Question 115

Which of the following is an input to six sigma Control?
1. Cost/Benefit of different solutions
2. Control Plan
3. Revised measurement system
4. lessons learned

Answer 115

1. Cost/Benefit of different solutions

Cost/Benefit of different solutions is an input to six sigma Control.

Question 116

A high level process map is defined early on in the project which shows major processes and this will be made more explicit and detailed as project team develops a better and more complete understanding of all the processes. This is an example of:
1. Standard method used for all flowcharts
2. Separation of core processes from consequential processes
3. Progressive elaboration
4. None of the above

Answer 116

3. Progressive elaboration

Process maps are progressively elaborated: i.e. a high level process map is defined early on in the project which shows major processes and this will be made more explicit and detailed as project team develops a better and more complete understanding of all the processes.

Question 117

Rating corresponding to the seriousness of an effect is also called:
1. Failure Mode
2. Occurrence rating
3. Severity rating
4. Detection rating

Answer 117

3. Severity rating

Determine the severity rating for the effect: Severity is a rating corresponding to the seriousness of an effect. This is done in a scale from 1 to 10: 1: failure has least impact, 10: failure has maximum impact. (e.g. the team decides that measuring of wrong temperature is a very critical issue and hence assigns a severity rating of 9)

Question 118

Identifying external organizations or functions within own organization is part of which phase of benchmarking:
1. Planning
2. Analysis
3. Integration
4. Action

Answer 118

1. Planning

Phase 1 : Planning
Step 1 - Identify what functions, products or outputs are essential practices and should be benchmarked.
Step 2 - Identify external organizations or functions within own organization with superior work practices for comparison.

Question 119

Which of the following is an output to six sigma - Analysis phase
1. Important causes of defect
2. Baseline process capability
3. Hypothesis testing
4. None of the above

Answer 119

1. Important causes of defect

Important causes of defect is an output from six sigma Analysis phase

Question 120

Which conflict-response strategy would be most appropriate when a group is fragile?

1. Collaboration
2. Competition
3. Avoidance
4. Accommodation

Answer 120

4. Accommodation

If a group is in danger of falling apart, best way me be to temporarily put aside differences in order to make progress in other areas

Collaboration or competition may be too risky.

Avoidance jeopardizes long-term health if group fails to resolve underlying issues.

Question 121

Who are responsible for providing guidance and coaching others in the organization about the six sigma philosophy
1. Project Champions
2. Green Belts
3. Black Belts
4. Subject Matter Experts

Answer 121

3. Black Belts

Master Black Belts and Black Belts act as consultants and experts in Six Sigma. They are also responsible for providing guidance and coaching others in the organization about the six sigma philosophy.

Question 122

As per the Kano Model, the ……………… attributes are attributes of a product or service to which the customer will be indifferent if they are present but will be dissatisfied if they are absent.
1. Performance
2. Attractive
3. Threshold/Basic
4. Normal

Answer 122

3. Threshold/Basic

Threshold/Basic attributes are the basic characteristics or attributes that the customers expect to be present in a product or service. Non- availability of these attributes makes customers extremely dissatisfied. But availability of those requirements does not bring additional satisfaction to the customers.

Question 123

Which quality expert proposed that systems should have “robustness” i.e. ability to function satisfactorily in spite of the noise and external disturbance.
1. Taguchi
2. Ishikawa
3. Crosby
4. Deming

Answer 123

1. Taguchi

Genichi Taguchi : Manufacturing processes are impacted by the external disturbance i.e. noise which impacts quality of goods produced. The noise should be minimized wherever possible but some noise (e.g. bad weather) cannot be avoided. Systems should have “robustness” i.e. ability to function satisfactorily in spite of the noise and external disturbance.

Question 124

In a control plan, the control methods section:
1. states who created the control plan, contact person for questions, name of person who is taking the measurement etc.
2. describes the process and its characteristics which would be measured through the control chart
3. describes the data that should be collected for the process
4. is not important and can be removed from the control plan

Answer 124

3. describes the data that should be collected for the process

Control Methods section: describes the data that should be collected for the process (the data to be collected depends on CTQ variables, customer requirements etc. and is determined by the project team while creating a control plan). This includes information like measurement type, sample size, levels of verification and frequency. It also has information on desired behavior, and corrective action to be taken if the process goes out of control.

Question 125

Which of the following is negotiated in a project charter?
1. Project Plan
2. Change Management Plan
3. Project Closure Activities
4. Project Risks

Answer 125

3. Project Closure Activities

Some important issues which need to be negotiated include Objectives, Boundaries, Resources, Project closure activities and Project transition activities

Question 126

How can you determine the total number of special causes of variation in a control chart?

Answer 126

Common types of special cause variation signals include:

A point outside of the upper control limit or lower control limit

A trend: 6 or 7 points increasing or decreasing

A cycle or repeating pattern

A run: 8 or more points on either side of the average

Question 127

Which of the following is a tool for Measure Phase
1. Project Charter
2. Measurement Systems
3. Run Charts
4. Problem Statement

Answer 127

3. Run Charts

Run Charts is a tool used in Measure phase of 6 sigma projects

Question 128

Who liaises between black belts and the project team?
1. Technical Lead
2. Project manager
3. Green Belt
4. None of the above

Answer 128

3. Green Belt

Six Sigma Green Belts serve as a liaison between the Black Belts and the project team. They perform the operations required for the six sigma project and work with the project team to ensure that appropriate deliverables are met.

Question 129

If there are seven consecutive data points either above the mean or below the mean, then the process is:
1. Out of control
2. Under control
3. Either Out of control or Under control depending on situation
4. None of the above

Answer 129

1. Out of control

Rule of seven: If there are seven consecutive data points either above the mean or below the mean, then this may be an indication of process shift i.e. the process mean may have shifted and hence the process is out of control.

Question 130

Data can be broadly classified as:
1. Discrete or continuous
2. External or internal
3. Financial or non-financial
4. Customer centric or consumer centric

Answer 130

1. Discrete or continuous

Question 131

Which pioneer of quality control created the 7 deadly diseases of the workplace?

1. W. Edward Deming
2. Joseph M. Juran
3. Armand V Feigenbaum
4. Philip B. Crosby

Answer 131

1. W. Edward Deming

Question 132

Leadership style where manager does not interfere with subordinates is called:
1. Autocratic
2. Laissez faire
3. Democratic
4. Supportive

Answer 132

2. Laissez faire

Laissez faire: Leadership style where manager does not interfere with subordinates – so subordinates are largely unsupervised, may lead to anarchy

Question 133

Risk Priority Number is a product of all the following except:
1. Severity Rating
2. Failure Mode rating
3. Occurrence Rating
4. Detection Rating

Answer 133

2. Failure Mode rating

RPN = Severity Rating * Occurrence Rating * Detection Rating

Question 134

Motivation and support to initiate and sustain the six sigma project is provided by:
1. Six sigma green belt
2. Executive sponsor
3. Six sigma black belt
4. Subject matter expert

Answer 134

2. Executive sponsor

Motivation and Support to initiate and sustain the six sigma project is provided by Executive or Senior Management

Question 135

In which kind of question, would you ask the customer to provide a numerical value to a particular attribute?
1. Open ended questions
2. Rating questions
3. Ranking questions
4. Yes/No questions

Answer 135

3. Ranking questions

Ranking questions: Request customers to provide a rank or numerical value to a particular attribute (e.g. What is the rank between 1 through 5 you would give to the features available in XYZ product : 1 represents Very Satisfied with features and 5 represents Not At all satisfied)

Question 136

What can be used to quantify the decrease in perceived value of the goods by the customer once the quality decreases?
1. Taguchi Robustness concepts
2. Quality Loss Function
3. Cause and effect diagrams
4. Run Charts

Answer 136

2. Quality Loss Function

Taguchi devised the concept of “Quality Loss Function” to quantify the decrease in perceived value of the goods by the customer once the quality decreases

Question 137

In what stage of DMAIC would one expect to use a process decision program chart?

1. Improve
2. Define
3. Measure
4. Control

Answer 137

1. Improve

A process decision program chart is used to isolate possible problems with a particular process or strategy. These charts are typically used during the Analyze and Improve stages of DMAIC.

Question 138

In SPC, the process is out of control if:
1. There is process data that lies above the Upper control limit
2. There is process data that lies below the Upper control limit
3. There is process data that lies above the Lower control limit
4. None of the above

Answer 138

1. There is process data that lies above the Upper control limit

A process is said to be out of control if there is process data that lies above the Upper control limit or below the lower control limit

Question 139

Data analysis tools like Anova are used for
1. Discrete data
2. Continuous data
3. Attributes
4. None of the above

Answer 139

2. Continuous data

Data analysis tools like Anova are used for Continuous data

Question 140

Which of the following is a data collection technique?
1. Check sheet
2. Cost of Poor Quality
3. Critical to quality
4. Project charter

Answer 140

1. Check sheet

Check sheets are very important tools for data collection. Inputs gathered from check sheets can be used for creation of Pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams etc

Question 141

Philip Crosby used the following parameter to measure quality:
1. Cost of non-conformance
2. Cost of error rectification
3. Exceeding customer expectations
4. Six Sigma

Answer 141

1. Cost of non-conformance

According to Philip Crosby, Measurement of quality is the cost of non-conformance.

Question 142

Which of the following is an idea categorization tool?

1. Pareto Diagram
2. Brainstorming
3. Affinity Diagram
4. Ishikawa Diagram

Question 143

As the six sigma level decreases, the defect percentage:

1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Remains Constant
4. May increase or decrease

Answer 143

4. May increase or decrease

Question 144

In project selection, objective of a company should be to:
1. Minimize investment
2. Minimize costs
3. Maximize ROI
4. Maximize investments

Answer 144

3. Maximize ROI

In project selection, objective of any company is to maximize ROI

Question 145

A graphic representation of processes in a company showing the sequence of tasks performed and their relationships is also called:
1. Process map
2. Organization hierarchy
3. Brainstorming
4. PERT

Answer 145

1. Process map

Process maps give a view of how work flows through the company. It is a graphic representation of processes in a company showing the sequence of tasks performed and their relationships

Question 146

Amount of time taken between the entry of work into the process to the time the work exits the process is also called:
1. Lag time
2. Lean time
3. Lead time
4. Control time

Answer 146

3. Lead time

Lead time is the amount of time taken between the entry of work into the process to the time the work exits the process.

Question 147

Who proposed the “Quality Trilogy Model”?
1. Joseph M Juran
2. W Edward Deming
3. Taguchi
4. Philip Crosby

Answer 147

1. Joseph M Juran

Joseph Juran proposed the “Quality Trilogy Model” – this model uses Quality Planning, Quality Improvement and Quality Control for improving quality.

Question 148

What is a major problem with obtaining information about customer satisfaction from comment cards?

1. Participants must be compensated
2. Most pleased/displeased customers overrepresented
3. Responses are often vague
4. The expense is high

Answer 148

2. Most pleased/displeased customers overrepresented

A valuable source of information, but represents extreme ends.

Some advantages are they are relatively inexpensive and tend to elicit detailed feedback.

Question 149

Which of the following is not an output for Six Sigma Methodology - Define
1. Project Charter
2. Organization hierarchy
3. Metrics
4. Problem statement

Answer 149

2. Organization hierarchy

Organization hierarchy is a tool for Define in DMAIC

Question 150

In which phase of the Six Sigma, the sources of variation are identified?
1. Define
2. Measure
3. Analyze
4. Control

Answer 150

3. Analyze

D - DEFINE the problem

M - MEASURE the outcome (Y) to determine the current process performance (baseline) and validate the measurement system

A - ANALYZE, identify X’s (root causes of the defects, sources of variation)

I - IMPROVE the process by eliminating the defects

C - Control X’s

Question 151

In a control plan, the header section:
1. states who created the control plan, contact person for questions, name of person who is taking the measurement etc.
2. describes the process and its characteristics which would be measured through the control chart
3. describes the data that should be collected for the process
4. is not important and can be removed from the control plan

Answer 151

1. states who created the control plan, contact person for questions, name of person who is taking the measurement etc.

Header or administrative section: states who created the control plan, contact person for questions, name of person who is taking the measurement etc.

Question 152

Which of the following is a tool for Idea Categorization?
1. Surveys
2. Focus Groups
3. Nominal Group technique
4. Multivoting

Answer 152

4. Multivoting

Multivoting is used for Idea categorization

Question 153

Profit is measured in which measurement scale?
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Answer 153

4. Ratio

In ratio scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point. Example: Sales, Profit, market share, age etc. are all expressed on a ratio scale.

Question 154

Who is responsible to ensure that Six Sigma is properly implemented in all the business activities of an organization?

1. Champion
2. Executive Leadership
3. Master Black Belt
4. Black Belt

Answer 154

1. Champion

Justification: Champions are selected by Executive Leadership or Senior Champions. They organize and direct the initiation, deployment and implementation of Six Sigma throughout the organization. They ensure that Six Sigma is properly implemented in all the business activities of an organization.

Question 155

Find out the tool which is not used in the Analyze phase.

1. Hypothesis testing
2. FMEA
3. Solution design matrix
4. Data analysis

Answer 155

3. Solution design matrix

Justification: Solution design matrix is a tool which is used in the Improve phase. The other tools are used in the Analyze phase.

Question 156

If project CTQ (y) is Daily Water Consumption, and the Defect Definition is Any Day Water Consumption > 15.6 unit, what is the USL?

1. 15.7
2. 15.6
3. 15.5
4. None of the above

Answer 156

2. 15.6

Any deviation beyond the upper specification limit (USL) is a defect. Hence USL = 15.6

Question 157

T/F | Brainstorming is a tool used to identify the root-causes of a problem as well as its solutions.

Answer 157

TRUE

Question 158

Lessons Learned is an input for:

1. Analyze
2. Improve
3. Control
4. None of the above

Answer 158

2. Improve

Question 159

Which parameter of a statistical distribution relates to the sharpness of its peak?

1. Central tendency
2. Kurtosis
3. Skewness
4. Standard Deviation

Answer 159

2. Kurtosis

Kurtosis is the parameter of a statical distribution related to the sharpness of the peak.

The kurtosis value is one in a normal distribution where points resemble a standard bell curve.

If the peak is sharper, the kurtosis value will be higher than one

Skewness is the difference between the mean and the mode of a data set.

Standard deviation of the data set is the average amount of variation from the mean

Question 160

A document that formally authorizes a project is also referred to as :
1. Project Charter
2. Project Plan
3. PDPC chart
4. None of the above

Answer 160

1. Project Charter

A project charter is a document that formally authorizes a project. (PMBOK) It includes:
- The business need that the project was undertaken to address
- The product description

Question 161

All the following are phases of six sigma DMAIC Methodology except
1. Define
2. Control
3. Increase
4. Measure

Answer 161

3. Increase

The different phases of the DMAIC Methodology are as follows: - Define, - Measure - Analyze - Improve - Control

Question 162

A methodology used to accelerate the velocity and reduce the cost of any process by removing waste is also called:
1. Out of control
2. Lean
3. Control chart
4. Control plan

Answer 162

2. Lean

Lean is a methodology used to accelerate the velocity and reduce the cost of any process by removing waste

Question 163

In gauge repeatability and reproducibility analysis, what percentage of total process variation is acceptable?

1. 10% or less
2. 15% or less
3. 20% or less
4. 30% or less

Answer 163

1. 10% or less

10% or less is acceptable

Variation from 10% - 30% is considered problematic

Variation over 30% is unacceptable

Gauge repeatability and reproducibility analysis indicates the degree to which a measurement system avoids common and special cause variation

Question 164

In which phase of Six Sigma are the independent variables controlled?
1. Define
2. Analyze
3. Improve
4. Control

Question 165

Which of the following is an effect of Six Sigma implementation?

1. Delays in shipment of products
2. Decrease in cost and quality
3. Reduction in production of defective products
4. Decreased customer retention

Answer 165

3. Reduction in production of defective products

Justification: Six-Sigma’ helps an organization to cut down on its costs without compromising on the quality as it helps in reducing defects in products and services and optimizing the efficiency of resources

Question 166

Which tool helps to compare how the proposed solutions compare with the existing system in meeting the specified criteria
1. Solution design matrix
2. Kano Model
3. QFD
4. ROI

Answer 166

1. Solution design matrix

Solution design matrix helps to compare how the proposed solutions compare with the existing system in meeting the specified criteria

Question 167

What, When, Where, the Magnitude, and the Consequence are critical components of which of the following?

1. Goal Statement
2. Milestones
3. Problem Statement
4. Project Scope

Answer 167

3. Problem Statement

Question 168

In SPC, the voice of the customer helps to determine:
1. Specification Limits
2. Control Limits
3. Out of control processes
4. None of the above

Answer 168

1. Specification Limits

Upper Specification Limit and Lower Specification Limit: The upper and lower specification limits are determined by taking the voice of the customer. A process would satisfy customer requirements if it falls within the specification limits

Question 169

Recognition and self confidence is in which phase of Maslow`s hierarchy of needs
1. Self Actualization
2. Esteem
3. Social
4. Psychological

Answer 169

2. Esteem

In Maslow`s hierarchy of needs, Esteem includes:- Self-esteem, reputation, respect from others, recognition and self confidence

Question 170

Physical description of a failure is also called:
1. Failure Mode
2. Failure Effect
3. Failure cause
4. Current controls

Answer 170

1. Failure Mode

Failure modes are physical description of a failure. (e.g. let us consider a case study where the manufacturing department in our company has manufactured an ear thermometer which is used to register body temperature via the ear canal. So, one potential failure mode is “Thermometer not working properly.”)

Question 171

Which of the following is a benefit of six sigma?
1. Quantitative Approach
2. Process based approach
3. Use of projects
4. All of the above

Answer 171

4. All of the above

There are several factors that make Six Sigma a more effective quality tool as compared with other traditional quality techniques namely: - Comprehensive - Project based approach - Cohesive process based approach - Quantitative Approach - Commitment from all levels of organization

Question 172

Which of the following is NOT true about a control plan?

1. A control plan describes the actions that are required at each step of the process to ensure that all process outputs will be in a state of control
2. A control plan helps in identifying areas that could introduce variation into the improved process
3. A control plan allows the team to take proactive steps to prevent any potential variation in your business process
4. A control plan can be created in any phase of your Six Sigma DMAIC project.

Answer 172

4. A control plan can be created in any phase of your Six Sigma DMAIC project.

Question 173

In SPC, Arithmetic average is also called:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Control Limit
4. Specification Limit

Answer 173

1. Mean

The mean of a collection of numbers is their arithmetic average, computed by adding them up and dividing by their number

Question 174

A principle which states that a small number of causes (20%) is responsible for a large percentage (80%) of the effect is also referred to as:
1. Nominal group technique
2. Process map
3. Pareto principle
4. Multivoting

Answer 174

3. Pareto principle

Pareto principle (also referred to as 80-20 rule), states that a small number of causes (20%) is responsible for a large percentage (80%) of the effect

Question 175

Who is known as the father of quality?
1. Taguchi
2. Deming
3. Juran
4. Crosby

Answer 175

2. Deming

Question 176

Which of the following is a tool to identify effects or consequences of a potential product or process failure
1. Fishbone diagram
2. FMEA
3. Hypothesis testing
4. None of the above

Answer 176

2. FMEA

FMEA is a tool to: - Identify effects or consequences of a potential product or process failure - Identify methods to eliminate or reduce the chance of a failure occurring