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History - COLD WAR > Sino-Soviet Relations > Flashcards

Sino-Soviet Relations Flashcards

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1
Q

When did China become Communist?

A

Oct 1949

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2
Q

What was Mao & Stalin’s relationship like?

A

Mao regarded Stalin as the Father of Communism

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3
Q

When was the Treaty of Friendship?

A

February 1950

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4
Q

Outline 3 key agreements of the treaty

A

1) Military alliance
2) Mutual Assistance - sharing trade & knowledge
3) Friendship - the USSR granted aid to China

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5
Q

How much was the loan the USSR gave China?

A

$300 MILLION

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6
Q

What was the impact of the Treaty of Friendship on China?

A

1) China became economically modernised
2) 6 fold increase in Sino-Soviet Trade 1950-1956
3) 1956 - 60% of Chinese trade conducted with the USSR
4) 38000 chinese workers were given vocational training

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7
Q

In 1949 did the USA have a strategic interest in China?

A

No - AUgust 5th 1949 it was confirmed by the USA

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8
Q

What did Dean Acheson state in 1950?

A

January 1950 - no plans to offer military protection to Korea or Taiwan from communism

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9
Q

What debate was created by the China Lobby in the USA?

A

They blamed Truman for the loss of China

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10
Q

Outline USA support in Taiwan

A

US provided military support for Taiwan during the 17th Fleet to prevent Chinese invasion

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11
Q

Who initiated US Taiwan intervention?

A

Truman

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12
Q

How did the USA support the Philippines?

A

Melby agreed to support Philippines against Communism

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13
Q

How did the USA support France?

A

Offer financial to support for French to fight against Communists

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14
Q

When was the Korean War?

A

June 1950

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15
Q

What was Stalin’s role in the Korean War

A

A very little role in the Korean war taking a back seat

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16
Q

How many troops did China send?

A

270000

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17
Q

What was China’s role in the Korean War

A

Supplied troops

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18
Q

What did the Korean War do to China?

A

Drained China’s financial resources & made them dependant on SU

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19
Q

What did the Korean War demonstrate about the China?

A

They had the courage & expertise persuading USSR that they were a useful ally

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20
Q

What did the Korean War do?

A

Consolidate Sino-Soviet relations

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21
Q

What aid followed the Korean War for China from USSR?

A

Package of aid for China’s first 5 year plan
Helped China build power plants
Lushan Naval base handed to CHina
Increased trade with China

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22
Q

When was the Taiwan Crisis?

A

1954-1955

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23
Q

When did Mao bomb Taiwan?

A

1954

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24
Q

What did the US & Taiwan sign?

A

The Mutual Defence Treaty December 1954

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25
Q

What did the Mutual Defence Treaty state?

A

The US would defend Taiwan against Chinese or Soviet attack

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26
Q

Why did China want Taiwan?

A

Concerned that US would use Taiwan as base

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27
Q

What did Mao want?

A

To unite China under communism

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28
Q

What did Khrushchev publicly state?

A

They would retaliate if China was attacked by US

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29
Q

What did Khrushchev make clear in private?

A

He did not want to be involved in Taiwan Crisis

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30
Q

Why was the Soviet response significant?

A

it showed that the USSR were unwilling to help China achieve their military goals & Khrushchev worried that mao’s ill foreign policy could lead to NUCLEAR WAR.

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31
Q

When was the 2nd Taiwan Crisis?

A

1958

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32
Q

What did the US provide Taiwan with?

A

Matador Missile

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33
Q

Where did Mao bombard to up pressure?

A

Quemoy & Matsu

34
Q

Why was China forced to back down?

A

Due to lack of support from the SU

35
Q

Why was their personal mistrust between Mao & Khrushchev?

A

Mao had little respect for Khrushchev after his secret speech in 1956 believing he was nothing more than a timid bureaucrat

36
Q

What did Mao argue?

A

That Khrushchev was a dangerous revisionist

37
Q

Why were the SU and China divided over nuclear arms?

A

Mao was willing to see half the world die in order to advance communism

38
Q

What did Mao view Khrushchev’s commitment to Peaceful Coexistence as?

A

Betraying communism

39
Q

Why did Khrushchev refuse to help China with Nuclear Arms?

A

He was horrified by Mao’s willingness to use nuclear weapons

40
Q

What did Khrushchev offer as an alternative?

A

A radio which could monitor US submarines

41
Q

How did Mao take this gesture?

A

Patronising believing it was a cat & mouse relationship on the SU’s part

42
Q

What did Mao introduce in 1958?

A

The Great Leap Forward

43
Q

What did the Great Leap Forward do?

A

It rejected USSR’s model of economic development

44
Q

Why was the Great Leap Forward a rejection of USSR’s economic model?

A 
USSR- focussed on the working class
CHINA - focus on the peasants
45
Q

What did Mao set out to do in August 1958?

A

To deliberately humiliate Khrushchev on his first visit to China

46
Q

How did Mao intend to humiliate Khrushchev?

A

Swimming pool photo shoot - when he knew Khrushchev could not swim

47
Q

When did Khrushchev visit China again?

A

1959

48
Q

What happened at Khrushchev’s 2nd visit to China?

A

No honor guard was presented no microphone - Mao & Khrushchev openly cursed each other & Khrushchev rhymed Chinese names with Russian obscenities which outraged Mao

49
Q

What happened in May 1960

A

China beat USSR to Mount Everest

50
Q

How did the USA respond to building tensions?

A

The USA were still ignorant to building tensions between the USSR and China

51
Q

What did Khrushchev do in July 1960

A

Withdrew Russian experts helping on the Great Leap Forward

52
Q

What did Mao do in 1963?

A

Mao announced that Khrushchev backed down to the Cuban Missile Crisis

53
Q

What did Khrushchev do in 1959?

A

Publicly criticised the Great Leap Forward

54
Q

What were the ideological differences between Mao & Khrushchev?

A

K - Class struggle was over in the USSR

M- New type of Communism focussed on personal interests

55
Q

What did Mao describe Khrushchev’s communism as?

A

Phoney

56
Q

What did the Sino-Indian Border Conflict in 1962 expose?

A

Divisions between USSR & China

57
Q

What did Khrushchev do to his ally?

A

Publicly criticise him over the involvement stating that the dispute should have been settled peacefully

58
Q

What did Khrushchev do for India?

A

Signalled support by providing $800 million worth of aid

59
Q

Who else did Khrushchev also back?

A

Indonesia during Sino-Indonesian disputes by sending military aid

60
Q

What happened in 1964 in China

A

They tested their first nuclear weapon

61
Q

What did Brezhnev attempt to do?

A

Create a relationship between USSR & China

62
Q

What did Mao launch in 1965

A

Cultural Revolution

63
Q

What did Mao refer to the US and USSR as?

A

Global cities whereas CHina was the global countryside “the real revolutionaries”

64
Q

What happened in March 1966?

A

China & USR finally ended diplomatic trade

65
Q

What happened on 2 March 1969

A

A full scale dispute over Zhen Bao/Damanskii with a MASSIVE Soviet Counterattack March 15th

66
Q

What happened 18th September 1969?

A

Crisis averted & senior ministers from both sides agreed to respect each other’s borders

67
Q

What did the Sino-Soviet split do to the USSR?

A

Weakened the USSR providing opportunity for the USA

68
Q

Chinese Motives for Rapprochement

A
  • Mao was worried about reports of pre-emptive Soviet nuclear attack
  • 1969 China had very few allies ( France Pakistan & Albania)
  • Mao hoped an alliance with USA could be used against USSR
69
Q

US Motives for Rapprochement

A
  • Nixon hoped he could persuade China to put pressure on the Vietcong to negotiate peaceful settlement
  • Nixon wanted to exploit Sino-Soviet split to put pressure on SU to compromise with the West
  • Vietnam War demonstrated that the US Military were not as effective as hoped - Nixon wanted to make up for US failures
  • Nixon wanted to stop Soviet invasion of China because he did not want China to become a Russian Satellite
  • Nixon hoped a friendship with China meant they could direct all nuclear arsenal to USSR
70
Q

What was ping pong diplomacy?

A

Term given to negotiations between China & USA s the first signs of friendship was a ping pong match between the two national teams (April 1971)

71
Q

What did Nixon do in July 1969?

A

Relax travel restrictions to China

72
Q

What happened in July 1971?

A

Kissinger visited China to arrange a secret presidential visit

73
Q

Why was ping pong diplomacy kept a secret?

A

National Pride - No guarantee that relations would be fruitful
Domestic Opinion - China & USA used propaganda against each other 1949-1969
Taiwan - USA had a long standing agreement to protect the Taiwan against China

74
Q

What did Zhou Enlai & Kissinger agree on?

A

Presidential Visit February 1972

75
Q

What was Nixon’s policy known as that ford continued?

A

Triangular Diplomacy

76
Q

Triangular Diplomacy - USA

A

Stable relationships rather that confrontation

77
Q

Triangular Diplomacy - USSR

A

USSR would be afraid of Sino-US relations so they would remain friendly towards USA

78
Q

Triangular Diplomacy - CHINA

A

Supported Mao in the battle for independence against USSR

79
Q

When was the Shanghai Communique?

A

28th February 1972

80
Q

What did the Shanghai Communique include?

A

Acknowledge substantial disagreements over Korea Vietnam & Taiwan
Committed USA & China to a relationship of peaceful coexistence based on mutual respect
USA & China would normalise relations - formal diplomatic links
Two superpowers would work together to resist any country that sought to dominate South East Asia eg. USSR
Committed the USA and China to increase co-operation & trade

81
Q

What was the impact of Sino-US relations on USSR?

A

1969 USSR were monitoring the Sino-US relations
Divided their military resources for a war on two fronts
Aware that USA would focus nuclear strategy on USSR
China might persuade USA to abandon Detente

82
Q

Sino-Us relations after Nixon

A

Ford was not as strong as Nixon so he was not in a position to compromise on sensitive issues however he consolidated the relationship between USA & USSR in 1975 on his visit.

History - COLD WAR (7 decks)

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