Simply DNA Flashcards
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is a type of ___________.
Nucleic Acid
What is the purpose of DNA?
It’s a macromolecule containing genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
Where is DNA found in Eukaryotic cells?
In the nuclei (nuclei=plural of nucleus)
Where is DNA found in Prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm (no nuclei)
Nucleic Acids are polymers. What are polymers?
Large molecules made of smaller, repeating units/building blocks, or MONOMERS
In DNA, monomers are called __________.
Nucleotides
When monomers (nucleotides) in DNA bond together, they form ____________
Polymer / Polynucleotide
Nucleotide monomers are made of which 3 subunits?
- A phosphate group.
- A 5-carbon sugar (“pentose”).
- A nitrogenous base.
What is the main difference between the sugar of DNA and RNA?
In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose
In RNA, the sugar is ribose
The sugar in DNA has no oxygen molecule at Carbon 2’
What is “the other” base in RNA and which one does it replace (in regards to DNA)?
Draw a diagram (with labels) of a nucleotide, first the primary (not connected) version, then the final. Label the bonds.
Deoxyribose (the pentose sugar in DNA) and Ribose (the pentose sugar in RNA) differ by only one _______ atom on _____.
Oxygen; Carbon 2’
Which nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
What are the four nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What are PYRIMIDINES?
They are ‘one ring’ nitrogenous bases
What are PURINES?
They are ‘two ring’ nitrogenous bases
Which nitrogenous bases are Purines?
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Nitrogenous Bases are held together by _______
Hydrogen Bonds
On the DNA nucleotide diagram, To which carbon is the PHOSPHATE attached?
5’ carbon
On the DNA nucleotide diagram, to which carbon is the NITROGENOUS BASE attached?
1’ carbon
On the DNA nucleotide diagram, to which carbon is the – OH attached?
3’ carbon
A nucleotide bonds to another nucleotide such that the _____ of one nucleotide is connected to the _____ of the next with a ______ in the middle
3’ ;
5’ ;
phosphate;
What are the bonds called between nucleotides (monomers)?
phosphodiester bonds
The DNA has _______ backbone
a “sugar-phosphate backbone”
The nitrogenous bases (A,G,C & T) are bonded to the 1’ carbon of the sugar with bonds that are called _____________
“glycosyl bonds” or N-glycosidic bonds.
Polynucleotides are read from the __ end to the __ end
(insert picture)
5’ to 3’
(the top of a polynucleotide, is where the phosphate and nitrogenous bases are attached)
The DNA polymer is _____________, forming a ___________ shape (and is held together by________)
DOUBLE STRANDED;
DOUBLE HELIX;
HYDROGEN BONDS;
The DNA strands are ___________ and ___________
ANTIPARALLEL;
COMPLEMENTARY
Nitrogenous base Adenine pairs only with ______ and Cytosine pairs only with __________. This means that the bases on one strand are ________ to bases on the other.
Thymine;
Guanine;
Complementary
Adenine forms ____ (this many) H bonds with Thymine
two
Guanine forms ____ (this many) H bonds bond with Cytosine
three
Given a 5’ to 3’ strand:
G A G A T A T A G A T T A C C A
What is the sequence of the complementary (draw it with the appropriate hydrogen bonds)?
strand: C T C T A T A T C T A A T G G T
bonds: 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2
The ____________ form the backbone of the DNA “ladder” while the __________ are the rungs of the ladder.
Phosphodiester bonds;
Hydrogen bonds;
What is the purpose of DNA? (Card 2: merge)
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
