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Bioenergetics > Simple Stuff About Processes and what you need to know slides > Flashcards

Simple Stuff About Processes and what you need to know slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

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2
Q

When is glycolysis up regulated?

A

When we need energy rapidly

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3
Q

When is glycolysis down regulated?

A

During rest (check)

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4
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place and in which tissues?

A

Every cell in the body can generate energy from glycolysis

Takes place in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

In which types of exercise is glycolysis likely to be activated?

A

Exercise at high intensities
Or
When glycogen stores start running low

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6
Q

How many steps are involved in glycolysis and how many of them are irreversible?

A

10

3 are irreversible

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7
Q

What is the energy yield of glycolysis?

A

Two ATP

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8
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The formation of glycogen from sugar (glucose)

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9
Q

When is glycogenesis activated?

A

When you have plenty of glucose in the cell and insulin has been secreted (this is all likely to occur after we have eaten carbohydrates) (after a CHO meal)

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10
Q

When is glycogenesis inhibited?

A

When there is already a large amount of glycogen or a large amount of glucagon has been released

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11
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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12
Q

When is glycogenolysis up regulated?

A

During times of fasting/hunger/high intensity exercise

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13
Q

When is glycogenolysis inhibited?

A

In a fed state/during rest

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14
Q

When is the TCA cycle activated? What does it depend on?

A

During exercise up to 3 minutes

The amount it occurs is also dependent on the amount of pyruvate being produced and thus Acetyl CoA entering the TCA cycle

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15
Q

Describe the link reaction

A

This is where pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA by the enzyme PDH

During this reaction NAD+ becomes NADH and a CO2 is produced

It occurs in the mitochondria

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16
Q

What enzyme regulates the ‘link reaction’?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

When is PDH up regulated? (Check)

A

Exercise activates PDH

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18
Q

What is the active form of PDH?

A

Non-phosphorylated

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19
Q

What is the inactive form of PDH?

A

Phosphorylated

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20
Q

When is PDH inhibited? (Check)

A

During rest

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21
Q

What can go into the TCA cycle?

A

CHO
PRO
FAT

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22
Q

What is the starting molecule for the TCA cycle?

What is the final molecule before it comes back to the start?

A

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

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23
Q

What are the products of the TCA cycle?

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

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24
Q

What is the energy yield for 1 cycle?

A

Actual energy yield = 1 ATP

Potential yield from one cycle = 12 ATP

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25
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 after the TCA cycle?

A

They get sent to the electron transport chain (ETC)

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26
Q

Is the TCA cycle an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

Aerobic

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27
Q

What is an anabolic reaction? (Give examples)

A

Synthesis of new molecules

E.g:
Protein synthesis 
Lipogenesis 
Gluconeogenesis 
Glycogenesis
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28
Q

What is a catabolic reaction? (Give examples)

A

The breakdown/degradation of molecules

E.g:
Proteolysis
Lipolysis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
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29
Q

How do enzymes function?

A

They speed up reactions
Lower activation energy
They bind to a substrate forming an enzyme substrate complex

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30
Q

What effects an enzymes function?

A

Substrate concentration

pH

Enzyme concentration

Temperature

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31
Q

What are the different fuel sources and metabolic pathways that can be used to generate ATP?

A 
Phosphocreatine 
Glycolysis 
Carbohydrate oxidation 
Fat oxidation
Protein breakdown
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32
Q

What are the four main elements in the body

A

Oxygen (65%)
Carbon (18%)
Hydrogen (10%)
Nitrogen (3%)

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33
Q

What is the composition of an atom?

A

Proteins and neutrons in the nucleus

Electrons surround the nucleus in outer shells

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34
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Where atoms share electrons

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35
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Giving/receiving electrons from another atom

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36
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

This occurs when atoms share electrons and one atom becomes oxidised, the other becomes reduced (reduction)

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37
Q

When are redox reactions important in exercise metabolism?

A

Long duration exercise when ATP turnover is high

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38
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Several important energy generating reactions take place here

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39
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Generates lots of ATP

40
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It is the gatekeeper of the cell

41
Q

Which metabolic pathways are actives during very big intensity exercise?

A

PCr and glycolysis

42
Q

Slide 6, lecture 3

A

Contributions to exercise

43
Q

What are the metabolic pathways activated during intermittent exercise such as team sports?

A

They’ll all be activated at different points

44
Q

What are the possible causes of fatigue during high intensity and intermittent exercise? (Slide 27, lecture 3)

A

PCr depletion

Acidosis

Sodium-potassium dysfunction

Reactive oxygen species

45
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

The folds (Cristae) of the mitochondria

46
Q

What is the difference between substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP yield is much greater with oxidative phosphorylation and much smaller with substrate level phosphorylation

Also oxidative phosphorylation is with oxygen where as substrate level is not as you can get energy much quicker but less of it without O2

47
Q

What are the roles of NADH and FADH2?

A

To perform redox reactions which are used to generate ATP

48
Q

How do the protein complexes on the ETC function - where is the electron affinity greatest?

A

It is greatest at column IV, this allows the electrons to be dragged across from column I to column IV

49
Q

How is the ETC regulated?

A

Dependent upon the energy status of the cell (dependent upon how much NADH/ADP/Pi is being sent to the ETC from the TCA cycle and glycolysis)

50
Q

What type of exercise utilised the ETC?

A

Prolonged endurance exercise

51
Q

When are the alternative energy pathways (that make glucose) activated?

A

After 10-18hr fasting, during prolonged exercise, or when energy in the cell is low - little ATP

52
Q

What happens to lactate in the Cori Cycle?

A

It is reconverted back into pyruvate

53
Q

What are the 4 major substrates used in gluconeogenesis?

A

Amino acids (glutamate and alanine)

Lactate

Glycerol

54
Q

How many irreversible reactions does gluconeogenesis need to overcome to create glucose?

A

Three

55
Q

What is the end product of the pentode phosphate pathway?

A

Ribulose 5-C

Peptides and phosphates

56
Q

What energy does the pentode phosphate pathway generate?

A

2 x NADPH

57
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carb cabin substrates

58
Q

When is gluconeogenesis up regulated?

A

When glucose is not consumed (a prime time for this is during sleep)

Gluconeogenesis is also activated after 30-45 min of steady state exercise

59
Q

How can gluconeogenesis be inhibited?

A

Consume a sports drink

60
Q

What is the free amino acid pool? And what feeds into it?

A

It represent the AAs in the circulation and extracellular fluids

Protein we eat feeds into it as we do not store any protein

61
Q

What is transamination?

A

It is the process by which other amino acids (not ones consumed in diet) are formed

62
Q

What is oxidative deamination?

A

Removing the amino group from the newly formed AA resulting from transamination

63
Q

What is the urea cycle? Why and where does it occur? (Can’t fins answer for second question)

A

It is the removal of ammonia

It occurs to remove excess amino acids

64
Q

Slide 31, lecture 8, what you really need to know slide

A

Bottom point

65
Q

What are the processes involved in protein turnover?

A

Synthesis (generation of new muscle) and degradation (removal of old muscle)

66
Q

Why is protein synthesis important for athletes?

A

Protein synthesis and degradation can help an athlete become stronger and achieve their desired level of muscle

67
Q

Recap, lecture 9

A

The basic process of building new proteins - the difference between transcription and translation

68
Q

What is a codon? (Protein synthesis)

A

A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

69
Q

What is an anti-codon (protein synthesis)

A

Sequences of nucleotides that are complementary to codons

70
Q

What is tRNA? (Protein synthesis)

A

Transfer RNAs main function is to deliver amino acids required for the process of protein synthesis

71
Q

What are the two main pathways for protein degradation?

A

Lysosomal pathway

Ubiquitin pathway

72
Q

When is ATP generation greater with lipids than carbohydrates?

A

At rest

During prolonged low intensity exercise

73
Q

What are the metabolic processes involved in lipolysis? Lecture 10

A

What you really need to know slide

Can’t find

74
Q

What are the processes involved in beta oxidation?

A

The carnitine shuttle

75
Q

What does Malonyl CoA do and why is it relevant?

A

Is it an important regulator of the carnitine Acyl transferase I enzyme. This dictates how much fat is getting into the mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation to occur

Less Malonyl CoA allows for more beta-oxidation to occur

76
Q

How lipid metabolism is regulated?

A

Hormones such as glucagon/insulin

These hormones stimulate lipase enzymes to split the TAGs into glycerol and FFA

77
Q

Lipid metabolism during different intensity and durational exercise

A

High intensity - low

Low intensity - high

78
Q

Definition of lipolysis

A

The breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids

79
Q

When is lipolysis up regulated

A

During low intensity prolonged exercise

80
Q

When is lipolysis inhibited?

A

During high intensity exercise

81
Q

Definition of beta oxidation

A

The process by which fatty acids are broken down to generate Acetyl CoA

82
Q

When is beta oxidation up regulated?

A

During exercise

83
Q

When is beta oxidation inhibited?

A

During rest

84
Q

Process of fatty acid synthesis - should be drawn out

A

Under lecture 11

85
Q

How are fatty acids stored?

A

Triglycerides

86
Q

When would FA be promoted?

A

Doesn’t make sense

Lecture 11, what you really need to know slide

87
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

Joining three fatty acids together with a glycerol

88
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

There’s three different main ketone bodies - only produced in small quantities
They are a fuel source for the brain when glucose stores are low

89
Q

When are ketone bodies increased in the body?

A

When glucose levels are low

90
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

The metabolic process through which Acetyl - CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat

91
Q

When is FA synthesis up regulated?

A

When there is excess glucose and/or a decrease in FA availability

92
Q

When is FA synthesis inhibited?

A

When there are plenty of fatty acids in the cell

93
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

The breakdown of triglycerides

94
Q

Only the liver can use glucose to make glycogen but muscle can convert what to glycogen?

A

Glucose-6-P

95
Q

What is the main difference between the sequential and concerted models?

A

The sequential model allows for mixed molecules

Bioenergetics (5 decks)

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