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Bioenergetics > Lectures 1-5 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of bioenergetics

A

The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms

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2
Q

What is metabolism? (Definition)

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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3
Q

What are the two types of metabolic reaction?

A

Catabolic and anabolic

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4
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

The breakdown/degradation of molecules

When molecules are broken down (e.g., carbs/fat and protein) they release energy

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5
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Synthesis of new molecules

The energy released from anabolic reactions can be used to build new molecules

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6
Q

Examples of catabolic pathways

A

Proteolysis
Lipolysis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis

Anything ending in lysis

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7
Q

Examples of anabolic pathways

A

Protein synthesis
Lipogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis

Anything really ending in genesis/sis

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8
Q

How are catabolic and anabolic pathways regulated?

A

Substrate supply - food and other compounds

Hormonal control - switch on or turn off pathways and alter enzyme activity

Allosteric control - speed or slow enzyme activity

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9
Q

What is our body fueled by?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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10
Q

What is ATP?

A

The energy currency of the cell

ATP is what we use to fuel all our metabolic reactions

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11
Q

What is the link between food and ATP?

A

The food we consume is digested and used to generate ATP

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12
Q

Look at structure of ATP

A

Lecture 1, slide 19

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13
Q

How do we generate ATP?

A

Look at on recap lecture 1, slide 21

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14
Q

Look at enzyme substrate thing

A

Recap, lecture 1, slide 22

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15
Q

When an enzyme is attached to the substrate what does it form?

A

It forms a complex

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16
Q

What does the enzyme catalyse the formation of after the enzyme has attached to the substrate and formed a complex?

A

The formation of a product

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17
Q

Interaction and specificity with enzymes can be explained in two ways, what are they?

A

Lock and key

Induced fit

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18
Q

What is lock and key (enzyme interaction and specificity)

A

The binding site has a complementary shape to the substrate

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19
Q

What is induced fit (enzyme interaction and specificity)

A

Contact between part of the binding site and the substrate induces a change in the shape of the active site to bind to the substrate

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20
Q

Look at examples of lock and key and induced fit

A

Lecture 1, slide 24

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21
Q

What is allosteric control? (Listen on recap)

A

Refers to a type of enzyme regulation involving the binding of a non-substrate molecule, known as the allosteric effector, at locations on the enzyme other than the active site

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22
Q

What is allosteric inhibition? (Listen on recap) (lecture 1, slide 27)

A

Where the allosteric effector binds to the allosteric site, causing the enzymes active site to alter, meaning that the enzyme cannot bind to the substrate

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23
Q

What is allosteric activation? (Listen on recap) (lecture 1, slide 27)

A

Where the allosteric effector binds to the allosteric site, causing the enzymes active site to change so that the enzyme is able to bind to the substrate

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24
Q

What is a good example of one of the most important allosteric regulatory effects?

A

When we go from a stand still to a sprint within milliseconds, (we require a huge amount of energy in a short period of time)

The active site enzymes are not quick enough to provide the energy, so the allosteric enzymes take charge

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25
Q

How is enzyme activity affected?

A

Substrate Concentration

pH

Enzyme concentration

Temperature

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26
Q

How does substrate concentration impact enzyme activity?

A

Increases and augments reaction rate up to a point

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27
Q

How does pH impact enzyme activity?

A

Can change active site structure and alter affinity for substances

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28
Q

How does enzyme concentration impact enzyme activity?

A

Increase can augment reaction rate because more active binding sites available (McLaren & Morton, 2011)

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29
Q

How does temperature impact enzyme activity?

A

Increase augments enzyme activity until ~37.5 degrees

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30
Q

How much ATP is stored in the muscle tissue?

A

40-50 grams

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31
Q

How quickly is all of the ATP that is stored in the muscles used up?

A

2-4 seconds

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32
Q

What are the anaerobic energy sources that can be used to resynthesise ATP?

Lecture 1, slide 31

A

ATP
Phosphocreatine
(PCr) (check if this is just phosphocreatine)
Anaerobic glycolysis

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33
Q

What are the aerobic energy sources that can be used to resynthesise ATP?

A

Aerobic glycolysis
Carbohydrate oxidation
Fat oxidation
Protein breakdown

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34
Q

Look at what you really need to know slide

A

Lecture 1, slide 32

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35
Q

What is an atom?

A

Building blocks of all things (matter)

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36
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance which cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction. It contains only one type of atom

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37
Q

How many elements are there on the periodic table?

A

Over 100 different elements

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38
Q

96% of body mass contains 4 elements, what are they?

A

Oxygen (65%)
Carbon (18%)
Hydrogen (10%)
Nitrogen (3%)

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39
Q

What do all organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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40
Q

Are protons positively or negatively charged?

A

Positive

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41
Q

Are electrons positively or negatively charged?

A

Negative

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42
Q

What is in the centre of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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43
Q

Where are the electrons in relation to an atom?

A

They are around the nucleus

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44
Q

The electrons in the “cloud” are not random but are organised into a series of layers called what?

A

Shells and sub-shells

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45
Q

When is an atom most stable?

A

When it’s outermost shell or sub-shell is completely full of electrons

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46
Q

Electrons are shared in one of two ways, what are they?

A

Sharing electrons

Giving an electron

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47
Q

In terms of sharing electrons, how does “sharing electrons” work?

A

Where the atom combines with a new atom, leading to the formation of a covalent bond

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48
Q

In terms of sharing electrons how does “giving an electron” work?

A

The atom gives an electron to another atom / receives an electron from another atom. This leads to formation of an ionic bond

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49
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom becomes an ion when it’s charge has been altered by losing or gaining an electron

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50
Q

What is it called when a normal atom becomes an ion?

A

Ionisation

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51
Q

Negatively charged ions are known as what?

A

Anions (electron gain)

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52
Q

Positively charged ions are known as what?

A

Actions (electron loss)

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53
Q

What is a large molecule called?

A

Macro…

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54
Q

What is a small molecule called?

A

Micro…

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55
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Contains two or more atoms chemically joined together

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56
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule composed of atoms from two or more different elements

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57
Q

What are the two types of compounds?

A

Organic

Inorganic

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58
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds contain carbon, inorganic compounds contain no carbon

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59
Q

To see how atoms form the compounds we eat

A

Look at slide 11, lecture 2

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60
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

They are how atoms join together

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61
Q

How are bonds formed?

A

Through the action of electrons, which are donated/taken from one molecule to another

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62
Q

What does ionic bond formation depend on?

A

Electronegativity (the attraction of an atom for electrons)

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63
Q

Look at how electronegativity of atoms vary

A

Slide 13, lecture 2

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64
Q

When do ionic bonds form?

A

When the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is very high >1.7

(The atom with the highest electronegativity pulls one or more electrons completely away from the other atom)

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65
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Sharing electrons with another atom

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66
Q

Look at covalent bond formation on recap

A

Slide 15-17 lecture 2

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67
Q

Go on recap

A

For slide 18 lecture 2

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68
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A bond in which one part of the molecule is more charged than the other

The electrons are not shared equally

These molecules are hydrophilic - excellent solvents

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69
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

A bond in which the charged of each molecule are equal

The electrons are shared equally

Atoms from the same element are non-polar

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70
Q

What is the order of strength for covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds?

A

Covalent is stronger than ionic, ionic is stronger than hydrogen

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71
Q

The breaking or making of a bond is called what?

A

A chemical reaction

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72
Q

When a bond breaks/forms and a chemical reaction occurs, what is produced?

A

Energy

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73
Q

So talking, walking etc is simply what?

A

Bonds between atoms being split or joined

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74
Q

There are several different types of chemical reactions in the body, what are they?

A

Check recap slide 21 to see which ones we need to know, lecture 2

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75
Q

Recap for slide 22

A

Lecture 2

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76
Q

What are redox reactions extremely important in?

A

Energy production, particularly in long duration exercise when ATP turnover is high

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77
Q

Look at slide 23 lecture 2

A

For most common redox reaction

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78
Q

When a molecule is oxidised what happens? In terms of gain/loss of electrons

A

It loses electrons

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79
Q

When a molecule is reduced what happens? In terms of gain/loss of electrons

A

It gains electrons

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80
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

Oxidation
Is
Losing electrons

Reduction
Is
Gaining electrons

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81
Q

Cell structure

A

Lecture 2 slide 26

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82
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The fluid in the cell - often referred to as everything expect the nucleus

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83
Q

What is cytosol

A

The fluid portion (of cytoplasm) & several important energy generating reactions take place here

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84
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

An organelle - the energy currency of the cell (check this)

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85
Q

What does the mitochondria generate?

A

More ATP than any other part of the cell in the matrix

86
Q

What does exercise do to mitochondria?

A

Increases the size of mitochondria in the cell and also the number it contains

87
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The gatekeeper of the cell

Surrounds the whole cells

Lipid bilateral - phospholipid, glycolipid, cholesterol

88
Q

Look at what you really need to know

A

Slide 30 lecture 2

89
Q

Structure of ATP etc

A

Lecture 3 slide 3

90
Q

Slide 5

A

Lecture 3

91
Q

Contribution of different energy systems to overall energy production

A

Slide 6 lecture 3

92
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The metabolic pathway that we use to turn glucose into energy

93
Q

Can glycolysis generate energy without the need for oxygen? (Be anaerobic)

A

Yes

94
Q

Very high intensity exercise requires what? (In terms of ATP)

A

An extremely high rate of ATP generation

95
Q

Why are aerobic metabolic pathways (to create O2) not used very high intensity exercise?

A

The rapid demand in ATP means there is not enough time to rely on aerobic metabolic pathways

96
Q

What molecule does high intensity exercise rely on?

A

Phosphocreatine

97
Q

How much phosphocreatine is stored in the muscles?

A

120g

98
Q

What is phosphocreatine degradation?

A

The breakdown of PC to generate ATO

99
Q

Creative kinase reaction

A

Slide 10 lecture 3 - recap

100
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction of ADP -> ATP + creatine

A

Creatine kinase

101
Q

How long can PCr only fuel the body for?

A

Approximately 10-14 seconds of exercise

102
Q

Do PCr concentrations ever reach 0?

A

No

103
Q

Why do PCr concentrations never reach 0?

A

Your body has a fail safe mechanism to avoid this

104
Q

What foods contain creatine?

A

Egg, red meat, fish (eg salmon)

105
Q

How does creatine supplement work?

A

It increases intramuscular stores of creatine. This should theoretically improve performance because these stores will not then be depleted so quickly

106
Q

The need for rapid energy creates what?

A

An oxygen deficit

107
Q

How long does it take to fully resynthesise PCr stores?

A

3-5 minutes

108
Q

What does the resynthesis of PCr require?

A

Oxygen and blood flow

109
Q

What happens to PCr resynthesis when blood flow and therefore oxygen supply is blocked?

A

PCr resynthesis is inhibited

110
Q

Is the aerobic energy system always contributing?

A

Yes, very small amounts at times but yes

111
Q

What is the contribution of the aerobic energy system during 10 seconds of exercise or less?

A

3%

112
Q

What is the contribution of the aerobic energy system during 30 seconds of exercise or less?

A

15%

113
Q

What is the contribution of the aerobic energy system during 60-90 seconds of exercise or less?

A

55%

114
Q

What is the contribution of the aerobic energy system during 60-90 seconds of exercise or more?

A

70%

115
Q

What adaptations does sprint training obtain?

A

Increase glycolysis utilisation

Increase enzyme activity

Increase transport proteins

116
Q

What energy sources does high intensity intermittent exercise (football) use?

A

Both aerobic and anaerobic

117
Q

What happens to the contribution of anaerobic glycolysis after as little as 4 or 5 all out 6 second sprints?

A

It starts to fall

118
Q

Recap

A

Slide 23 lecture 3

119
Q

Recap

A

Lecture 3 slide 24 + 25 + 26 + 27

120
Q

What causes metabolic fatigue during high intensity intermittent sports?

A 
Acidosis 
Impaired calcium function
Build up of H+
Reactive oxygen species (recap wtf it is)
Increase in extracellular potassium 
Muscle glycogen depletion 
PCr depletion
121
Q

Do energy systems ever work in isolation? If not then what changes?

A

No

Merely the contribution of each energy system

122
Q

What you really need to know slide

A

Lecture 3

123
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose to produce energy

124
Q

What does glycolysis involve?

A

The breaking apart a 6 carbon molecule of glucose to a 3 carbon molecule of pyruvate

125
Q

Can every cell in the body generate energy from glycolysis?

A

Yes

126
Q

Why is glycolysis often seen as the emergency energy pathway?

A

Because energy can be generated rapidly

127
Q

In cells that don’t have mitochondria, is glycolysis the only energy pathway?

A

Yes

128
Q

Glycolysis is primarily regulated by two main hormones, what are they?

A

Insulin (activator)

Glucagon (inhibitor)

129
Q

Can glycolysis be anaerobic and aerobic?

A

Yes

130
Q

During sever intensity exercise, or when the PCr system has been depleted, we are heavily reliant on what to provide energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

131
Q

How many reactions (stages) does glycolysis have?

A

10

132
Q

Reactions 1-5 for glycolysis are termed what? And why?

A

The investment phase. This is because here ATP is used

133
Q

Reactions 6-10 for glycolysis are termed what? And why?

A

The pay off phase. This is because ATP is generated

134
Q

Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place?

A

The cytosol

135
Q

Slides 7-10, lecture 4

A

Stages of glycolysis

136
Q

Large amounts of pyruvate increases what?

A

Lactic acid production

137
Q

If lots of pyruvate creates lots of lactic acid, then extensive reliance on anaerobic glycolysis produces what?

A

Large amounts of lactic acid

138
Q

Slide 12

A

Lecture 4

139
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Formation of new glycogen

140
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen

141
Q

When is glycogenesis most likely to occur?

A

When there is glucose in the cell and insulin has been secreted

142
Q

Process of elongation

A

Slide 16, lecture 4

143
Q

Glycogen can only be stored as what?

A

Branches of glucose polymers

144
Q

Glucose polymers have several branches, what does this mean?

A

That they can be broken down to glucose molecules rapidly

145
Q

What happens when 11 or more glucose chains have been formed?

A

They can start to branch

146
Q

Slide 18 lecture 4

A

Recap

147
Q

When does glycogenolysis occur?

A

During times such as fasting

148
Q

During glycogenolysis what happens to glucose?

A

Glucose starts to be removed from the glycogen chain via phosphorolysis

149
Q

During glycogenolysis, when glycogen is removed from the glycogen chain what are they broken down into?

A

10% are broken down into glucose

90% are broken down to glucose-1-P

150
Q

What is an important enzyme in glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase - assumes to be rate limiting step

151
Q

Slide 21-23, lecture 4

A

Recap

152
Q

What is the whole point of glycogenolysis?

A

To convert branches glycogen molecules into straight ones

153
Q

What happens to glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise? (Eg 800m)

A

It is significantly upregulated

154
Q

When is glycogenesis activated?

A

After a CHO meal

155
Q

What does glycogenesis form?

A

Forms new glycogen for storage?

156
Q

How does glycogenesis form new glycogen for storage?

A

By adding glucose molecules together to form branches

157
Q

When is glycogenolysis activated?

A

When fasting/high intensity exercise

158
Q

What does glycogenolysis do?

A

Breaks down glycogen stores for energy

159
Q

How does glycogenolysis break down glycogen stores for energy?

A

By breaking off glucose molecules one by one to be used in glycolysis

160
Q

What happens to glycogenolysis in terms of exercise intensity

A

It increases with exercise intensity

161
Q

How quickly can glycogenolysis be activated?

A

Within 1 second of the onset of exercise

162
Q

What you really need to know slide

A

Slide 28 lecture 4

163
Q

What does TCA stand for in the TCA cycle?

A

Tricarboxylic acid

164
Q

What is the TCA cycle also known as?

A

The Krebs cycle

165
Q

How many reactions does the Krebs/TCA cycle involve?

A

8

166
Q

Where do the 8 reactions in the TCA/Krebs cycle take place?

A

The mitochondria (think it’s matrix of…)

167
Q

Is the TCA/Krebs cycle aerobic/anaerobic?

A

It is an aerobic process that requires O2

168
Q

What are the functions of the Krebs/TCA cycle?

A

Oxidation pathway for CHO/lipids/proteins

Generates energy or intermediates (NADH) to be used in the electron transport chain for energy

Provides several precursor molecules for other metabolic pathways

169
Q

What does the TCA/Krebs cycle start with?

A

Acetyl co-A

170
Q

What can eventually form Acetyl co-A (what enters the Krebs/TCA cycle)

A

Glucose (CHO)
Triacyglycerides (fats)
Amino acids (proteins)

171
Q

What is formed at the end of glycolysis (TCA/Krebs cycle bit) that can enter the mitochondria for conversion to…

A

Pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA

172
Q

What is the reaction called where pyruvate is converted into Acetyl co-A?

A

The link reaction?

173
Q

What are the products of the link reaction where pyruvate forms Acetyl co-A?

A

CO2

Creates 1 NADH

174
Q

What catalyses the link reaction of pyruvate to Acetyl co-A?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

175
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

It is a group of enzymes (not really important at this level)

176
Q

Does PDH have both an active and inactive form?

A

Yes

177
Q

What is the active form of PDH?

A

Non-phosphorylated

178
Q

What is the inactive form of PDH?

A

Phosphorylated

179
Q

What does PDH kinase do?

A

It is the enzyme that keeps PDH inactive

180
Q

When is PDH kinase upregulated?

A

When energy in the cell is plentiful or demand is low

181
Q

What is the role of PDH phosphatase?

A

It is the enzyme that activated PDH

182
Q

When is PDH phosphatase activates?

A

When energy in the cell is low

183
Q

During exercise what happens to PDH?

A

It is activated

184
Q

What are magnesium and calcium in relation to PDH?

A

They are both allosteric regulators of PDH

185
Q

When is PDH activated?

A

When energy in the cell is low

186
Q

When is PDH inhibited?

A

When energy in the cell is plentiful

187
Q

What does PDH activation activate?

A

The TCA/Krebs cycle via glycolysis

188
Q

When we use PDH, which fuel source for energy are we becoming more reliant on?

A

Carbohydrate

189
Q

What does it mean when NAD+ is reduced to NADH? (The same is true for FAD+ to FADH2)

A

It means that it gains an electron from the hydrogen

190
Q

What are NADH and FADH2 essentially?

A

They are essentially electron carriers

191
Q

Learn steps of the TCA/Krebs cycle

A

Lecture 5, slide 14

192
Q

How many molecules of ATP are generated via the TCA/Krebs cycle?

A

1

At A-level it said 2?

193
Q

What are the products of one cycle of the TCA/Krebs cycle?

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

194
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 after the Krebs/TCA cycle?

A

The go to the electron transport chain

195
Q

Is the TCA/Krebs cycle an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

It is an aerobic process

196
Q

Several of molecules in TCA cycle can be used for other reactions

A

Lecture 5, slide 18-23

197
Q

Look at what you need to know slide

A

Lecture 5, slide 34

198
Q

Glycolysis is often seen as the ‘emergency’ energy pathway because it can generate energy rapidly:

True/False

A

True

199
Q

Glycolysis:

A) Occurs in the mitochondria
B) Generates 8 ATP
C) Generates 2 NADH molecules
D) Is the primary energy pathway during a 10km race

A

C) Generates 2NADH molecules

200
Q

Glycolysis has:

A) 10 reactions, 3 of which are irreversible
B) 8 reactions, none of which are irreversible
C) 10 reactions, 2 of which are irreversible
D) 10 reactions, none of them are irreversible

A

A) 10 reactions, 3 of which are irreversible

201
Q

Gluconeogenesis is activated by hunger:

True/False

A

True

202
Q

Glycogen is stored in the:

A) Liver only
B) Muscle, liver
C) Muscle, liver, adipose tissue
D) Liver, adipose tissue

A

B) Muscle, liver

203
Q

Is Glycolysis an anaerobic or aerobic process:

A) Anaerobic
B) Aerobic
C) Both
D) Neither

A

C) Both

204
Q

During high intensity exercise glycogenolysis is:

A) Inhibited
B) Upregulated
C) Unchanged

A

B) Upregulated

205
Q

In glycogenolysis, which organ(s) convert glycogen to glucose?

A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Liver and Skeletal Muscle
C) Liver
D) Liver and adipose tissue

A

C) Liver

Double check

206
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH):

A) Is inhibited by NAD+
B) Is active when phosphorylated
C) Is regulated by PDH kinase and PDH phosphatase
D) Catalyses the production of pyruvate from Acetyl co-A

A

C) Is regulated by PDH kinase and PDH phosphatase

207
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The formation of glycogen from sugar

208
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

209
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates

210
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

211
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Adenine-ribose-P-P-P

Bioenergetics (5 decks)

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