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GCSE Biology B2 AM > Simple inheritance in animals and plants > Flashcards

Simple inheritance in animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

For what two things is cell division necessary?

A

1) For the growth of an organism

2) The repair of damaged tissues

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2
Q

What is mitosis? (in general terms)

A

Cell division that results in two identical cells being produced from the first one.

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3
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genes (alleles) which must be passed on to each new cell.

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4
Q

What er stem cells?

A

The cells at an early stage of animal and plant embryos, they are unspecialised.

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5
Q

What is different about the differentiation of animal and plant cells?

A

Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage of an organisms development.
Plant cells can differentiate throughout the life of a plant as it continues to grow.

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6
Q

Cells of offspring being produced by asexual reproduction are produced by which type of cell division?
What can be said about the alleles of the parents and offspring in asexual reproduction?

A

Cells of offspring being produced by asexual reproduction are produced by mitosis.
Offspring contain the same alleles as their parents.

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7
Q

Detail the three main stages in mitosis.

A

1) The normal body cell has chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
2) As cell division starts, a copy of each chromosome is made.
3) The cell divides in two, to form two daughter cells, each daughter cell has a nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes identical to the ones in the original parent cell.

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8
Q

Cells in reproductive organs are produced by which type of cell division?

What are the gametes in humans?

A

Cells in reproductive organs are produced by meiosis.

The gametes in humans are the sperm and ova.

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9
Q

Why does sexual reproduction result in variation?

A

Sexual reproduction results in variation as the gametes from each parent fuse. So half the genetic information comes from the father and half from the mother.

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10
Q

When two gametes fuse, the fertilised egg cell divides repeatedly by which process of cell division?

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

Detail the three main steps in Meiosis?

A

1) The chromosomes in the cell in the reproductive organs are copied.
2) The cell divides in two and these new cells immediately divide again.
3) This produces four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes, each with a different combination of genes.

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12
Q

What are stem cells and where are they found?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells found in the human embryo and adult bone marrow.

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Differentiation is when unspecialised stem cells develop into different types of body cell.

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14
Q

What is special about cells in adult bone marrow?

A

The cells in adult bone marrow can change into other types of body cell, e.g. a blood cell.

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15
Q

What do layers of cell in embryos differentiate into?

A

Layers of cells in embryos differentiate into all the cells the body needs.

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16
Q

For what is it hoped human stem cells could be used for?

A

It is hoped that human stem cells can be made to differentiate into many type of cell to treat conditions such as paralysis, e.g. by differentiating into nerve cells.

17
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Gregor Mendel was a monk who worked out how characteristics were inherited, he was the first person to suggest the idea of separately inherited factors.

18
Q

Why did it take a long time for Mendel’s ideas to be accepted?

A

It took a long time for Mendel’s ideas to be accepted because scientists did not know about chromosomes and genes until after Mendel died.

19
Q

What is DNA?

What are genes?

A

DNA is a very long molecule with a double helix structure.

Genes are short sections of DNA.

20
Q

Every individual has different DNA apart from which individuals?

Individuals unique DNA can be used to identify them by what?

A

Identical twins

Individuals’ unique DNA pattern can be used to identify them by their DNA fingerprint.

21
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

Each gene codes for a particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein.

22
Q

Human beings have how may pairs of chromosomes?

What chromosomes do males and females have?

A

Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Males have an X and Y chromosome (XY), females have two X chromosomes (XX).

23
Q

What are alleles?

A

An allele is a version of a particular gene.

24
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

A dominant allele is one which will give an individual a certain characteristic even if they only inherit one of the alleles.

25
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A recessive allele is one which controls a characteristic that will be inherited by the offspring only if they inherit both alleles.

26
Q

What are genetic diagrams?

A

Genetic diagrams are models which can be constructed to predict and explain the inheritance of particular characteristics.

27
Q

What is a phenotype?

What is a genotype?

A

The phenotype is the physical appearance of the inherited characteristic, e.g. dimples or no dimples.

The genotype is the genetic make up/ alleles inherited, e.g. DD, Dd or dd.

28
Q

What does homozygous mean?

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Homozygous means the alleles inherited are the same, homozygous recessive - dd or homozygous dominant DD.

Heterozygous means the alleles inherited are different, Dd.

29
Q

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, how many alleles does an individual have to inherit to have the genetic disorder?
Give an example of a genetic disorder which is caused by a dominant allele.

A

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele a person only has to inherit one allele to have the disorder.

Polydactyl, where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes.

30
Q

If a genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele, how many alleles does an individual have to inherit to have the genetic disorder?
Give an example of a genetic disorder which is caused by a recessive allele.
What does this allele affect?

A

If a genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele a person has to inherit two recessive alleles to have the disorder.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele which affects cell membranes and causes the production of a thick sticky mucus. The mucus can affect several organs including the lungs and the pancreas.

31
Q

Parent who pass on a genetic disorder to their offspring but do not have the disorder themselves are called what?

A

Parent who pass on a genetic disorder to their offspring but do not have the disorder themselves are called carriers of the allele.

32
Q

How can genetic diagrams be useful in the inheritance of genetic disorders?

A

By using genetic diagrams it is possible to see how a genetic disorder has been inherited and to predict whether future offspring will inherit it.

33
Q

If a parents is heterozygous for polydactyl, what is the chance of each child inheriting the disorder?

A

If a parents is heterozygous for polydactyl each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.

34
Q

If both parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, what is the chance of each child inheriting the disorder?

A

If both parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis each child has a 25% chance of inheriting the disorder.

35
Q

From which three sources may embryonic stem cells be taken?

A

1) Spare embryos from IVF
2) Created from adult cells
3) The umbilical cord of unborn babies.

36
Q

For what could embryonic stem cells be used? (2)

A

Embryonic stem cells may be used to grow new tissues and organs for transplant.

37
Q

Give three reasons why some people are concerned about the use of embryonic stem cells.

A

1) The embryos have the potential to be babies and are destroyed.
2) The embryo cannot give permission.
3) The research is expensive.

38
Q

What is embryo screening?

Why is this important?

A

Embryo screening involves tests to diagnose disorders before the baby is born.
As it gives parents the choice of whether or not to terminate the pregnancy if their child will be born with a genetic disorder.

39
Q

What happens to embryos carrying faulty genes in IVF?

A

Embryos carrying faulty genes in IVF are destroyed.

GCSE Biology B2 AM (6 decks)

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