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GEOG 222 > Simple GIS Data Analysis > Flashcards

Simple GIS Data Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Spatial Analysis

A

The process of understanding spatial features/phenomena

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2
Q

Spatial

A

(absolute location, shape, size)

Feature/feature class, Multi-feature, Local, Regional, Global

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3
Q

Spatial Relationships

A

Spatial relationship from geometry

Intensity of spatial relationships from attributes

Proximity, containment, overlap

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4
Q

Temporal

A

Static

Hourly

Daily

Monthly

Yearly

Multi-temporal
(time, duration, frequency)

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5
Q

GIS for Spatial Analysis

A

GIS provides data, tools, and methods that enable the representation, description, measurement, comparison, understanding relationships, and modeling the past and present of spatial phenomena and prediction of future.

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6
Q

Two Tiers in GIS software systems

A

Common Tools and Techniques & Extensions or Specialized Tools and Techniques

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7
Q

Common Tools and Techniques

A

Date query, proximity, overlays

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8
Q

Extensions or Specialized Tools and Techniques

A

Terrain mapping and analysis, path analysis and network applications

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9
Q

Single Layer Analysis

A

how close each other, how different from each other in pattern  land use classification

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10
Q

Multi-layer Analysis

A

change detection –> pre & post desaster,spatial model –> Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)

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11
Q

Integrated Analysis

A

both spatial and attribute data

involves attributes, location and topology

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12
Q

Analysis involves

A

Analysis involve selection, measure and classification, overlay, surface operations, analysis of spatial connectivity……

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13
Q

Attribute Data Query

A

Attribute data query retrieves a data subset by working with attribute data

The selected data subset can also be saved for further processing

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14
Q

Selected Data Subset Can Be Simultaneously

A

examined in a spreadsheet lile data table structure (records and fields)

displayed in charts/ graphs, and

Can be linked to the highlighted features in a map

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15
Q

Selection of attribute data or the data query requires an expression

A

must be interpretable by the GIS DBMS

varies from one system to another

ArcGIS uses SQL (Standard Query Language) for query expressions

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16
Q

SQL (Structured Query Language)

A

designed for relational databases, by IBM in the 1970s, and used by many commercial database management systems

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17
Q

The basic syntax of SQL includes the following:

A

select [ selects fields as a list]

from [name of the table of the database]

Where [specify the selection criteria]

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18
Q

Query Expressions

A

Query expressions consist of Boolean expressions and connectors

A simple Boolean expression contains two operands and a logical operator

Boolean connectors are AND, OR, XOR, and NOT are used in query functions and overlay operations.

Connect two or more expressions in a query statement.

NOT, AND, and OR are actually used in the operations of Complement, Intersect, and Union on sets in probability

E.g.:
Parcel. PIN = ‘P101’

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19
Q

Boolean Connectors

Not

A

The blue shaded portion represents the complement of data subset B contains elements of the set A that do NOT belong to B

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20
Q

Boolean Connectors

OR

A

The union of data subsets A and B  the set of elements that belongs to A OR B

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21
Q

Boolean Connectors

AND

A

The intersection of A and B –> the set of elements that belongs to both A AND B

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22
Q

SQL (Structured Query Language)Use of Boolean connectors

A

PIN relates the owner and the parcel tables and allows use of SQL with both tables

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23
Q

Spatial Data Query

A

…refers to the process of retrieving a data subset from a layer by working directly with features

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24
Q

Select Features

A

Select features using a cursor, a graphic, or the spatial relationship between features

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25
Q

Spatial Relationships

A

Spatial relationships used for query include containment, intersect, and proximity

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26
Q

Feature Selection by Graphic

A

Uses a graphic, such as a circle, box, line or polygon to select features that fall inside or are intersected by the graphic

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27
Q

Feature Selection by Spatial Relationship

A

Select features based on their spatial relationship to other features

In the same layer or in different layers

Containment, intersect, proximity

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28
Q

Containment

A

Select features that fall completely within features for selection,

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29
Q

Intersect

A

Select features that intersect other features

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30
Q

Proximity

A

Select Features within a specified distance of other features

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31
Q

Combining Attributes and Spatial Data Queries

A

When data exploration requires both attribute and spatial query

E.g.: Gas stations within one mile of freeway exits and have an annual revenue exceeding a million dollar

32
Q

Vector Data Analysis

A

Vector data analysis uses the geometric objects

point, line, and polygon

33
Q

Accuracy Of Analysis

A

Depends on the accuracy of these objects in terms of location and shape.

34
Q

Topology is an important factor for some vector data analysis such as

A

Buffering and overlay

35
Q

Buffering

A

is based on the concept of proximity

is a single layer operation

36
Q

Buffering creates two areas

A

within a specified distance of selected features–>buffer zone

the other area that is beyond the buffer zone

37
Q

Several variations in buffering:

A

boundaries of buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone is a separate polygon

38
Q

Applications of Buffering

A

City ordinance: no liquor store within 1 Km of school

Two-mile buffer along streams to minimize sedimentation from logging

Forest restrict oil & gas drilling within 500 feet of roads

Stream buffers to protect streams from agriculture or construction

39
Q

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?

A

Buffer

40
Q

Which of the following queries will select all housing parcels classified as “residential” (from a layer called PARCELS) that are also considered to be “seasonal” homes (from a layer called STATUS)?

A

PARCELS = “residential” AND STATUS = “seasonal”

41
Q

Methods of Overlay in Vector Data

Relationship

A

Containment and overlaps

42
Q

Multi-layer operation

A

layer must be spatially registered

based on same coordinate system

43
Q

An important consideration in a overlay operation is the …

A

feature types

44
Q

Two Groups of Methods of Overlay in Vector Data

A

Uses two polygon feature layers

Uses one polygon feature layer and the other point or polyline-feature layers

45
Q

Understanding Overlay

A

Combines the geometries and attributes of two feature layers to create a single output layer with a modified set of attribute table.

Each feature on the output contains a combination of attributes from the input layers

46
Q

Overlay in Vector data

A

Based on the type of layers the combination the relationship approaches can be

-polygon-on-polygon, point-in-polygon, line-in-polygon

47
Q

Vector Data input and output in overlay

A

Always uses polygon as the overlay theme

Output is the same as the input

48
Q

Vector data overlay: How it works

A

Lines are split at polygon boundaries

Lines take on attributes of overlapping polygons

49
Q

Overlay Boolean Operators

AND

A

Results in “true” for all areas that meet both the first and the second criterion

50
Q

Overlay Boolean Operators

OR

A

Results in “true” for all areas that meet either the first or the second criterion, independent on the areas overlapping or not. In other words, at least one criterion has to be true.

51
Q

Overlay Boolean Operators

XOR

A

Results in “true” for all areas that meet either the firs tor the second criterion but not both

52
Q

Overlay Boolean Operators

NOT

A

Results in “true” for all areas that meet the first criterion but not the second

53
Q

GIS Terms in Overlay Methods

A

Methods may name differently in different GIS package, however, they are based on the Boolean connectors
- AND, OR, and XOR

54
Q

GIS TERMS:

Intersect

A

If it uses the AND connector

55
Q

GIS TERMS:

Union

A

If it uses the OR connector

56
Q

GIS TERMS:

Symmetrical Difference or Difference

A

If uses the XOR connector

57
Q

GIS TERMS:

Identity or Minus

A

A minus B

58
Q

Other methods for data selection

A

You can use SQL for spatial data selection and extraction through attribute data

59
Q

Spatial Tools for Spatial Data Extractions

A

Dissolve, Clip, Update, Erase, Eliminate, Append, Split

60
Q

Dissolve

A

Removes boundaries between polygons or nodes between arcs

Features with same attributes are dissolved

Identical to spatial merge

61
Q

Update

A

All features exist in output
“Under-lapping” features from input layer are erased

Attributes only from input theme exist in output

Order of input layer and overlay layer is important

Polygon on polygon only

62
Q

Clip

A

Cookie cutter”

Only input theme features and attributes exist in output

Polygon on polygon, line, or point

63
Q

Erase

A

Only input theme features and attributes exist in output

Order of input and overlay matters

Polygon on polygon, line, or point

64
Q

Eliminate

A

It merges the selected polygons with neighbouring polygons keeping the largest shared border or the largest area

“Eliminate” is used most often to remove sliver polygons created in an overlay of two layers

65
Q

Append

A

Append combines features from two or more layers into a single output layer

It does not calculate new topological relationships between the resulting features.

66
Q

Split

A

Split creates output layer by overlaying two sets of features.

Split performs a series of Clip operations, one for each output layer.

Each output layer contains only those portions of input layer features that are overlapped by the specified polygons of the Split Layer.

67
Q

Raster DATA Model

A

a regular grid to cover space

value in each cell represents a characteristic

68
Q

Raster Data Analysis

A

Popular use in application model

Various type of raster data (GRID, DEM, DRG…)

Software package defines what type raster data can be analyzed  required conversion

large variety of analysis operations

69
Q

Algebraic operations for Raster Analysis

A

output is a single layer

Statistics (max, min, range, mean, median, mode, sd..) of the input layers cell values to the output layer

Majority, minority, or unique value of the input layers cell-values to the output layer

Multi-layer analyses are Similar to the vector overlay operations

AKA Map Algebra

70
Q

Algebraic Operations in

A

A single layer

or

Multiple raster layers

71
Q

Suppose you have two layers of data and you want a new layer that shows everything in all four of those layers. Which type of overlay operation would you use?

A

Union

72
Q

If you create a 1-mile buffer around a single point, the shape of the buffer will be:

A

A circle

73
Q

Spatio-temporal

A

(changes in a spatial description over time, example change of extent)

74
Q

Non-spatial (name, owner, quality, color, …………)

A

name, owner, quality, color

75
Q

Non-spatio-temporal

A

(changes in a non-spatial descriptions over time, example change of colors

GEOG 222 (5 decks)

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