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GEOG 222 > GIS and GIS Data Model > Flashcards

GIS and GIS Data Model Flashcards

1
Q

What does GIS stand for?

A

Geographic information system

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2
Q

GIS stores geographic information in

A

A database and displays it on a map

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3
Q

GIS maps are considered

A

Dynamic

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4
Q

A GIS store two types of geographic information

A

Feature and Attributes

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5
Q

Functions of GIS are

A

Visualization, geodata management, and geographic analysis

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6
Q

Why do people use GIS

A

To make decisions and solve problems

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7
Q

Data

A

a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn

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8
Q

Geographic Data

A

(a collection of) facts about a geographic entity (Earth’s physical features, inhabitants, and phenomena) from which conclusions may be drawn

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9
Q

Geographic Data Model

A

the methods of representation of geographical data into the computerized geographic information system.

The location of a geographic entity is linked to a geometry (point, line, poly, or a pixel), which refers to as spatial data.

Then the geometry is linked to its attribute(s).

An attribute could be quantitative or qualitative.

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10
Q

Types of Geographic Data

A 
Geographic Data:
- Spatial Data
Is discrete, qualitive, continuous 
- Attribute Data
Can be Qualitive or Quantitative, secrete and continuous.
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11
Q

Discrete Data

A

Integer Grids

Land use, Vegetation type, Roads, Wells

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12
Q

Continuous Data

A

Floating point grids

Elevation, Aspect, Pollutions, Rainfall

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13
Q

First Step Data is Prepared in

A

it uses points and their coordinates to represent spatial features as points, lines, and polygons

Dimensionality and property distinguish the point, line, polygons

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14
Q

Second Step Data is Prepared in

A

it organizes geometric objects and their spatial relationships into digital data files that computer can access, interpret, and process

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15
Q

The Level Of Detail In The Database Is Guided By

A

The scale of consideration

e.g.: A city at 1:1,000,000 may appear as a point, but at 1: 24,000 it will be an area

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16
Q

Dimensionalities and Properties of

Point

A

No length, width or height, only location implied

Defined by x, y coordinates

Also called a node or vertex

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17
Q

Dimensionalities and Properties of

Line

A

defined by a set of connected points

One-dimension, length, determined by the distance between the end points

Lines also known as edges, links

Examples: roads, streams, contour lines

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18
Q

Dimensionalities and Properties of

Polygon

A

wo-dimension, length and width give area and perimeter

Boundary is defined by a set of lines

Examples: political entities, water bodies

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19
Q

Point’s coordinates and Spatial Relationships

A

Coordinates are most often pairs (x,y) or triplets(x,y,z, where z represents a value such as elevation).

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20
Q

Topology

A

Topology is a mathematical approach of studying those properties of geometric objects that remain invariant under certain transformations such as bending or stretching.

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21
Q

When a Map is Stretched or Distorted

A

Some properties of objects are changed such as distance, angles, or relative proximities.

22
Q

Topological Properties

A

Some properties won’t change,

Adjacencies and incidence

Spatial relationships, such as “is contained in”, “crosses”

Types of spatial objects - areas remain areas, lines remain lines, points remain points

23
Q

A Spatial Database is often called “topological” if

A

Topological relationships have been computed, stored, and maintained such as

  • connectedness of links at intersections
  • ordered set of lines forming each polygon boundary
  • adjacency relationships between areas
24
Q

Elements of Raster Data Model and Feature Representation

A

Cell - also known as pixel

Cell value , Cell Size

Rows, number, Columns, number

Number of bands

Attribute table in raster dataset

25
Q

Raster data represent

A

points by a single cells,

lines by sequences of neighboring cells,
and

areas by collections of contiguous cells.

26
Q

Raster dataset attribute tables

A

Some raster datasets contain attribute tables

Typically cell values can represent or define a class, group, category, or membership

27
Q

Cell Values in Raster data

A

Cell values can be Integer or Floating-point

28
Q

Integer

A

Number with no decimal digits

Used for representing categorical data or discrete data

e.g.: land use, forest category, soil type

29
Q

Floating Point

A

Number with decimal digits

Used for representing continuous data

Require more computer storage space

e.g.: precipitation, slope, DEM

30
Q

Attribute Data Measurement Scale

A

Lowest to Highest

  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ration
31
Q

Nominal

A

data are qualitative only,

no computation possible

32
Q

Ordinal

A

qualitative or quantitative,

represent an order of the individuals

33
Q

Interval

A

quantitative only

a zero entry simply
represents a position on a scale

34
Q

Ration

A

Interval type with a meaningful zero entry

a ratio of two data values can be formed so one data value can be expressed as a ratio of the other.

35
Q

Metadata

A

The term refers to any data used to aid the identification, description, quality, reference information, entry information, distribution information and data authority, etc. of geospatial data.

36
Q

Evolution of Vector Data Model by ESRI systems

A

PC Arc/Info Workstation (1980s)

ArcView (End of 1990s)

ArcGIS 8 & 9 (2000s)

ArcGIS 10.x (2010)

37
Q

Based on the georelational data model, an Arc/Info Coverage has two components:

A

A set of graphic files for spatial data and

A set of INFO files for attribute data.

The label connects the two components through feature ID

38
Q

Arc/Info Coverage Data Structure

A

“Coverage” is the name of a GIS data layer in ESRI Arc/Info data structure.

“Coverage” maintains topological properties in spatial data structure

Collection of multiple Coverage is called a workspace

39
Q

A “Coverage” in Arc/Info data structure is like a Folder, that contain a number of files.

A

Some of the files represent spatial feature geometry,

Some files for attribute data, and

some others for holding other information, such as maximum spatial extent, annotation, projection parameter, etc.

40
Q

Two Versions of Coverage

A

an arc (line) file,

annotation for the line,

a tic file.

41
Q

Shapefile Structure

A

Also known as ESRI ArcView Shapefiles.

Geographic features in a shapefile is also represented by points, lines, or polygons (areas)

42
Q

File-based based data

A

collection of graphic and info files

same file name but different extensions (suffixes)

43
Q

What is a Geodatabase

A

Is an object-based data model

44
Q

The Geodatabase model is a collection of objects, properties and methods held in

A

a common file system

a Microsoft Access database

or a multiuser relational database

e.g.: Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or IBM DB2

45
Q

Feature Geometry In Geodatabase

Point Feature

A

represented as single point or multi-point set of points

46
Q

Feature Geometry In Geodatabase

Polyline Feature

A

a line or a set of line segments, which may or may not be connected.

e.g., user-shaped, curves, single / multi part

47
Q

Feature Geometry In Geodatabase

Polygon Feature

A

a set of one or many rings. a ring is a set of connected, closed, non-intersecting line segment.

e.g., single / multi-part

48
Q

Feature Class

A

Stores spatial data of the same geometry type

Can be broken down into subtypes

49
Q

Feature Dataset

A

Stores feature data classes that share the same coordinate system and area extent

Feature classes included in a feature dataset ‘share’ topological relationships with each other

Contains different theme layers, multiple dataset

50
Q

Standalone feature class

A

Feature class that is not included in a feature dataset

GEOG 222 (5 decks)

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