Signs and symptoms of heart disease Flashcards
Define pathophysiology
functional changes, how the body adapts to the disease, could be on a cellular level or across several systems
What are some general signs of heart disease?
-appearance
-skin temp
-chest deformities
-HR and rhythm
Name some physical signs of heart disease
-cyanosis
-clubbing
-peripheral oedema
-JVP
-xanthelasma
-arrythmias
-retinopathy
What does it mean if a patient is ambulant?
-walking around
What is a sign a patient has congestive heart failure?
lymphoedema - in ambulant patients
-pitting- when you press the swollen ankle it leaves a dimple takes a while for the ankle to go back to normal
What is xanthelasma?
lipids in eyelids/cholestrol
-yellow deposits beneath eyes, indicate cholestrol is high
What is JVP?
jugular venous pressure
Jvp becomes distended
-used in itu to test cardiac output
-measure JVP height in cm- measures the central venous pressure
What is a murmur?
any abnormal acceleration or deceleration of blood through the heart
-look at when it occurs in the cardiac cycle
Where do people usually look for a murmur?
-aortic area (2nd-3rd right interspace)
-pulmonic area ( 2nd-3rd left interspace)
-tricuspid areas ( left lower sternal border)
-mitral area ( apex)
name 6 types of murmur
1-ejection type
2-pansystolic/holosystolic
3-late systolic
4-early decrescendo
5-mid to late
6-prolonged mid to late
what is an ejection type murmur?
-noise that shouldn’t exist between s1 and s2
-aortic stenosis
-pulmonary stenosis
What is a pansystolic/holosystolic murmur?
occurs throughout at the same level, murmur is constantly there through s1 and s2
-mitral regurgitation
-tricuspid regurgitation
-VSD
what is a late systollic murmur?
occurs halway through s1 and s2
-mitral valve prolapse
What is an early decrescendo, mid to late, prolonged mid to late murmurs?
-occur after s2
-AV and Pv shut- abnormal sound detected
Early decrescendo-aortic or pulmonic regurgitaion
mid to late- mild mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
prolonged mid to late- severe mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
OS- opening snap
What is unstable angina?
-comes on at rest
-acute coronary syndrome
-more frequent
-more severe/intense
-medical emergency
-subeclusive infarction syndrome (ACS)
What are some symptoms of heart disease?
-chest pain
-SOB
-palpitations
-syncope
-fatigue
What are some types of chest pain?
-angina/ angina pectoralis
-unstable angina
-myocardial infarction
-non cardiac cause
What is orthopnea?
breathlessness when lying down
name some types of SOB
-dyspnoea
-orthopnoea
-paraxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)
-dry cough
-haemoptysis
What is haemoptysis?
blood stained sputum, under pressure pulmonary cappilaries rupture and bleed into alveoli
Name some common types of palpitations
-ectopics
-bradycardia
-tachycardia
What is syncope?
-temporary cessation of consciousness
what are some structural differential diagnosis of chest pain?
-pericardium-pericarditis
-aorta-dissecting aneurysm
-large bronchi-bronchitis
-parietal pleura - pleurisy
-oesophagus chest wall - reflux,spasm,
musculoskeletal system
-psychological
