Signs And Symptoms

Question 1

What is orthopnea?

Answer 1

Shortness of breath when lying flat.

Question 2

What does cyanosis indicate?

Answer 2

Hypoxia

Question 3

What is central cyanosis?

Answer 3

Bluing of the tongue or lips

Question 4

What is peripheral cyanosis?

Answer 4

Cyanosis found on the peripheries, hands feet nose.

Question 5

What does cyanosis indicate?

Answer 5

Cardiovascular collapse

Peripheral vascular disease

Question 6

What is a co2 flap caused by?

Answer 6

Hypercapnic encephalopathy

Question 7

What is a co2 flap?

Answer 7

Irregular flapping of the hand when the wrist is hyperextended.

Question 8

What is co2 flap seen in?

Answer 8

COPD

Question 9

What is erythema nodosum?

Answer 9

Inflammatory condition of fat cells under the skin.

Tender red nodules or lumps seen on both shins.

Question 10

In what conditions is erythema nodosum seen?

Answer 10

Ssarcoidosis

TB

Question 11

What is lupus perneo?

Answer 11

Chronic raised indurated leasion of the skin- often purplish.
Seen on the nose, ears, cheeks, lips and forehead.

Question 12

In what disease is lupus perneo seen?

Answer 12

Sarcoidosis

Question 13

What is finger clubbing?

Answer 13

Increases curvature and loss of nail bed angle.

Question 14

What are the causes of finger clubbing?

Answer 14

Bronchial carcinoma
Fibrosing alveolitus 
Lung suppuration 
Cyanotic congenital heart disease 
Infective endocarditis
Malabsorption states 
Congenital and ideopathic causes too.

Question 15

What is uveitis?

Answer 15

Group of inflammatory diseases that produce swelling and destroys eye tissue.

Question 16

What are the signs of uveitis?

Answer 16

Dilated retinal veins/ papillidoedema

Question 17

In what diseases is uveitis seen?

Answer 17

Sarcoidosis

TB

Question 18

What is horners syndrome?

Answer 18

Small pupil
Ptosis (dropping/ falling of upper eyelid)
Endophthalmos (inflammation of the interior of the eye)
Unilateral loss of sweating

Question 19

What causes horners syndrome?

Answer 19

Interruption of the cervical chain

• Pancoasts tumour
• cervical lymphadenopathy

Question 20

What the lymph nodes in the neck?

Answer 20

Supra clavicular 
Cervical chain
Sub mental and sub mandibular 
Parotid
Post auricular 
Occipital

Question 21

What is cor pulmonale?

Answer 21

Right sided heart disease

Question 22

What are the signs of cor pulmonale?

Answer 22

Cyanosis
Raises JVP
Pitting oedema
Parasternal heave 
Loud P2

Question 23

Upon chest inspection, which deformities are being looked for?

Answer 23

Kyphoscoliosis
Pectus excavatum
Hyperinflation (emphysema)
Thoracoplasty

Question 24

Upon inspection of the chest, what is looked for?

Answer 24

Any deformities
Scars
Expansion
Respiratory movement 
Superior vena cava obstruction

Question 25

Upon palpitation, what would tracheal deviation show?

Answer 25

Towards lung collapse Towards consolidation Away from effusion

Question 26

Upon auscultation what do crepatations show?

Answer 26

Surgical emphysema Chest wall trauma Iatrogenic (chest drains) Ruptured oesophagus

Question 27

What would reduced chest expansion indicates?

Answer 27

Unilateral pneumothorax Effusion, blocked central bronchus, diaphragm palsy Bilateral- restrictive lung disease, hyperinflation (emphysema)

Question 28

Hyper resonant percussion indicates what?

Answer 28

Emphysema or pneumothorax

Question 29

Impaired reasonance upon percussion indicates what?

Answer 29

Consolidation Pleural thickening Raised hemi-diaphragm

Question 30

What does stony dull percussion indicate?

Answer 30

PE

Question 31

When is the bell used?

Answer 31

For low pitched sounds

Question 32

When is the diaphragm used?

Answer 32

For high pitched sounds.

Question 33

What does vesicular chest sounds mean?

Answer 33

Normal

Question 34

What is aegophony?

Answer 34

Increases resonance of vocal sounds when ascaltating the lungs. Get patient to say 99

Question 35

What is a wheeze?

Answer 35

A musical sound as air passes through narrowed airways.

Question 36

What does a localised wheeze indicate?

Answer 36

Large airway tumour

Question 37

What does a generalised wheeze indicate?

Answer 37

Small airway obstruction (asthma bronchitis)

Question 38

What do squeaks and crackles indicate?

Answer 38

Bronchiolitus

Question 39

What are crackles (crepatations)?

Answer 39

Non musicals- usually on inspiration. Due to explosive reopening of small airways blocked by exudate inflammation or fibrosis.

Question 40

What do fine crackles indicate?

Answer 40

Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 41

What do moderate crackles show?

Answer 41

PE Consilidation Bronchiectasis

Question 42

What is a pleural rub?

Answer 42

Leathery creaking sounds made by inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing together.

Question 43

What does plural rub indicate?

Answer 43

Pneumonia PE Viral or auto immune pleurisy

Question 44

What does a pleural click indicate?

Answer 44

Pneumothorax

Question 45

What reduced vocal resonance?

Answer 45

``` Effusion Collapse Bronchial occlusion Pneumothorax Emphysema ```

Question 46

What increases vocal resonance?

Answer 46

Consolidation (transmitted) - pneumonia

Question 47

What is whispering pectoriloquy?

Answer 47

Transmitted | Consolidation without bronchial obstruction