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Bryx_EST > Signals: Spectra & Processing > Flashcards

Signals: Spectra & Processing Flashcards

1
Q

The most important piece that needs to be shared and safeguarded from noise.

A

Signal

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2
Q

An action, a gesture, or sign used as a means of communcation

A

Means of Communication

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3
Q

A piece of information communicated by an action, gesture, or sign

A

Communicated Infromation

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4
Q

Something that incites somebody to action

A

Incitement

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5
Q

Information transmitted by means of a modulated current or an electromagnetic wave and received by telephone, telegraph, etc.

A

Electronics Transmitted Infromation

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6
Q

It is defined as ta single-valued function of time that conveys information

A

Signal

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7
Q

Describes the frequency content of the signal

A

Spectra

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8
Q

Condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum

A

Spectrum

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9
Q

Separation of visible light through a prism forming a rainbow

A

Prismatic Diffraction

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10
Q

Any variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude

A

Analog Signal

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11
Q

Electrical properties used to a signal

A

Voltage
Frequency
Current
Charge

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12
Q

The digital representation of discrete-time signal which is often derived from analog signal

A

Digital Signal

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13
Q

A sampled version of an analog signal

A

Discrete-time Signal

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14
Q

The result of individual time values of the discrete-time signal being approximated to a certain precision

A

Digital Signal

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15
Q

The process of approximating the precise value within a fixed number of digits or bits

A

Quantization

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16
Q

It is quantized discrete-time signal

A

Digital Signal

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17
Q

Any signal processing conducted on analog signals by analog means

A

Analog Signal Processing

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18
Q

The study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals

A

Digital Signal Processing

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19
Q

The four major subfields of DSP

A

Audio Signal Processing
Control Engineering
Digital Image Processing
Speech Processing

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20
Q

The domains of digital signals

A 
Time Domain
Spatial Domain
Frequency Domain
Autocorrelation Domain
Wavelet Domain
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21
Q

It can be produced by a sequence of samples from a measuring device

A

Time and Spatial domain Representation

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22
Q

Can be obtained by a discrete Fourier transform

A

Frequency Domain Information

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23
Q

The cross-correlation of the signal with itself over varying intervals of time or space

A

Autocorrelation

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24
Q

The most common enhancement processing approach of the input signal in the time or space domain

A

Filtering

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25
Q

It is a linear transformation of input samples

A

Linear Filter

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26
Q

A filter that uses only previous samples of the input or output signals

A

Causal Filters

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27
Q

A filter that uses only future input samples

A

Non-causal

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28
Q

Means to change a non-causal filter to a causal filter

A

Adding a delay

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29
Q

A filter that has constant properties over time

A

Time-invariant Filter

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30
Q

A filter that changes in time

A

Adaptive Filter

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31
Q

A filter that produces an output that converges to a constant value with time or remains bounded within a finite interval

A

Stable Filter

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32
Q

A filter that produces output that diverges

A

Unstable

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33
Q

A filter that is always stable and only uses the input signals

A

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

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34
Q

A filter that uses both the input signal and previous samples of the output signal and can be unstable

A

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

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35
Q

Converts the signal information to a magnitude and phase component of each frequency

A

Fourier Transform

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36
Q

A function that satisfies the condition:
x(t)=x(t+To)

where,
t = time
To = a constant

A

Periodic Signal

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37
Q

Any signal for which there is no value of To to satisfy the equation
x(t)=x(t+To)

A

Nonperiodic or Aperiodic Signal

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38
Q

A signal where there is no uncertainty with respect to ts value at any time

A

Deterministic Signal

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39
Q

A signal about which there is uncertainty before its actual occurrence

A

Random Signal

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40
Q

The condition of an energy signal

A

It is an energy signal IF AND ONLY IF the total energy of the signal satisfies the condition

0

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41
Q

The condition of a power signal

A

It is a power signal IF AND ONLY IF the average power of the signal satisfies the condition

0<p></p>

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42
Q

It is function where there is a single 1 output and 0 elsewhere
δ(n) = 1

A

Impulse Function or δ Function

43
Q

It is a function where it is equal to 1 for n≥0 and 0 elsewhere
u(n) = 1

A

Unit Step Function

44
Q

It is a function where it is equal to 1 for n≤ -1 and 0 elsewhere
u(-n-1) = 1

A

Reversed Step Function

45
Q

Formula for a sinusoidal signal

A 
x(t) = Acos(ωt + ϕ)
x(t) = Acos(2πft + ϕ)

ω is in rad
f is in Hertz
ϕ is the phase angle
A is the dc level

46
Q

General expression for complex signal

A 
x(t) = Ae^±(ωt + θ)
x(t) = cos(ωt + θ) ± jsin(ωt + θ)
47
Q

The Fourier Series Expansion formula

A

x(t) = a₀ + 2∑[aᵢcos((2πit)/T₀) + bᵢsin((2πit)/T₀)]
i is from 1 to ∞

where,
aᵢ and bᵢ = coefficients
i/T₀ = ith harmonic of the fundamental frequency f₀
a₀ = mean value of the periodic signal v(t)

48
Q

Fourier series, Average (a₀) or Mean value of a periodic signal

A

a₀ = 1/T₀ ∫ x(t) dt

from -T₀/2 to T₀/2

49
Q

Fourier series, cosine coefficient aᵢ

A

aᵢ = 1/T₀ ∫x(t) cos((2πit)/T₀) dt

from -T₀/2 to T₀/2

50
Q

Fourier series, sine coefficient bᵢ

A

bᵢ= 1/T₀ ∫x(t) sin((2πit)/T₀) dt

from -T₀/2 to T₀/2

51
Q

A certain linear operator that maps functions to other functions to other function

A

Fourier Transform

52
Q

Decomposes a function into a continuous spectrum of its frequency components

A

Fourier Transform

53
Q

Synthesizes a function from its spectrum of frequency components.

A

Inverse Fourier Transform

54
Q

Fourier Transform Pair condition from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

x(t) = ∫X(f) e^(j2πft) df vv X(f) = ∫ x(t) e^(-j2πft) dt

from -∞ to ∞

55
Q

Fourier Transform Property of Linearity or Superposition from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

ax₁(t) + bx₂(t) vv aX₁(f) + bX₂(f)

56
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Duality from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

X(t) vv x(-f)

57
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Time Scaling from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

x(at) vv 1/a x(f/a)

58
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Time Shifting from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

x(t-t₀) vv X(f)e^(-2jπft₀)

59
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Frequency Shifting from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

x(t)e^(2jπfct) vv X(f-fc)

60
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Differentiation in the Time Domain from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

dⁿ/dtⁿ x(t) vv (2πft)ⁿX(f)

61
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Integration in the Time Domain from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

∫x(t) dt vv 1/(2πf) X(f)

from -∞ to t

62
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Multiplication in the Time Domain from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

x₁(t)x₂(t) vv ∫X₁(λ)X₂(f-λ) dλ

from -∞ to t

63
Q

The multiplication of two signals in the same time domain is transformed into the convolution of their individual Fourier transforms in the frequency domain

A

Multiplication Theorem

64
Q

Fourier Transform Property for Convolution in the Time Domain from time domain to frequency domain and vv

A

∫x₁(τ)x₂(t-τ) dτ vv X₁(f)X₂(f)

from -∞ to t

65
Q

The convolution of two signals in the time domain is transformed into the multiplication of their individual Fourier Transforms in the Frequency domain

A

Convolution Theorem

66
Q

The operation used to measure the similarity between two signals or functions and the time relation of the similarity

A

Correlation

67
Q

Steps to correlate two signals

A

(1) First shift the second signal
(2) Then multiply both signals
(3) Integrate under the curve

68
Q

When the signals x₁(t) and x₂(t) are the same during the correlation process

A

Autocorrelation

69
Q

Provides information about the time-domain structure of a noisy signal

A

Autocorrelation

70
Q

Often used to discover periodic components in noisy signals

A

Autocorrelation

71
Q

When the signals x₁(t) and x₂(t) are different during the correlation process

A

Cross correlation

72
Q

Used to identify signal by comparison with a library of known reference signals

A

Cross Correlation

73
Q

It is similar to correlation except that the second signal x(t-τ) is flipped back to front

A

Convolution

74
Q

Steps for the convolution operation

A

(1) Flip the second signal
(2) Shift the second signal
(3) Multiply both signals
(4) Integrate under the curve

75
Q

A filter whose response to an impulse ultimately settles to zero.

A

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

76
Q

A filter which have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely

A

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

77
Q

Properties of FIR filters

A

Inherently Stable
Requires no Feedback
Can have linear phase
Can have minimum phase
Generally linear design methods
Efficient realizations with Fast Fourier Transforms
Startup Transients are finite in duration
Less sensitive to coefficient word lengths

78
Q

A FIR filter design method where ideal impulse response is truncated with a window. The simplest method and suitable for short filters.

A

Window Design Method

79
Q

A FIR filter design method uses the transition region to control sidelobes which specifies response at evenly-spaced frequency samples.

A

Frequency Sampling Method

80
Q

A FIR filter design method minimizes the maximum ripple using the Remez exchange algorithm.

A

Equiripple Design Method or Minimax Method

81
Q

An impulse response function that is non-zero over an infinite length of time.

A

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

82
Q

Examples of IIR filters

A

Chebyshev
Butterworth Filter
Bessel Filter
Elliptic Filter

83
Q

This IIR filter method transforms filters into discrete-time domain using bilinear transform

A

Transforms of Continuous Filter Designs

84
Q

Uses Yule-Walker Method for this IIR Filter modeling technique

A

Modeling of Desired Frequency Response

85
Q

Uses Prony’s Method for this IIR modeling technique

A

Modeling of Desired Impulse Response

86
Q

The bandwidth, sampling rate, no.of bits, and data rate of high fidelity CD music

A

5 Hz to 20 kHz
41. kHz
16 bits
706 kbps

87
Q

The bandwidth, sampling rate, no.of bits, and data rate of tele-phone quality speech

A

200 Hz to 3.2 kHz
8 kHz
12 bits
96 kbps

88
Q

The bandwidth, sampling rate, no.of bits, and data rate for telephone with companding

A

200 Hz to 3.2 kHz
8 kHz
8 bits
64 bits

89
Q

The bandwidth, , sampling rate, no.of bits, and data rate of speech encoded by linear predictive coding

A

200 Hz to 3.2 kHz
8 kHz
12 bits
4 kbps

90
Q

The data rate that represents the straightforward application of sampling and quantization theory to audio signals

A

64 kbps

91
Q

It has a shiny main surface and information is burned on the surface with a laser

A

Compact Disc (CD) or High Fidelity Audio

92
Q

An audio processing application based on the model of human speech production

A

Speech Synthesis and Recognition

93
Q

A data compression application where each time a zero is encountered in the input data, two values are written to the output file.

A

Run-Length Encoding

94
Q

A data compression method which assign frequently used character fewer bits, and seldom used characters more bits.

A

Huffman Encoding

95
Q

A data compression method that refers to several techniques that store data as the difference between successive samples, rather than directly storing the samples themselves

A

Delta Encoding

96
Q

A data compression method which is the foremost technique for general purpose data compression due to its simplicity and versatility. This is always used in GIF image files.

A

LZW Compression

97
Q

JPEG

A

Joint Photographers Experts Group

98
Q

Another name for JPEG

A

Transform Compression

99
Q

Data compression where the low frequency components of a signal are more important than the high frequency components

A

JPEG

100
Q

MPEG

A

Moving Picture Experts Group

101
Q

It is a compression standard for digital video sequence and also provides for the compression of the sound track associated with the video

A

MPEG

102
Q

Two MPEG types

A

Within-the-frames

Between-frame

103
Q

A MPEG type where individual frames making up the video sequence are encoded as they were originally still images. This is performed using JPEG standard.

A

Within-the-Frame

Bryx_EST (5 decks)

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