Signaling Pathways and Proteins

Question 1

Clathrin

Answer 1

Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in coated vesicles. It forms a triskelion shape composed of three heavy chains and three light chains.

Question 2

Triskelion

Answer 2

This is a motif consisting of triple spiral exhibiting rotational symmetry.

Question 3

Rho GTPase

Answer 3

These are Rho family of GTPases (Ras superfamily) G Protein Coupled receptors that are found in all eukaryotes that regulate intracellular actin dynamics.

Question 4

C-Fos

Answer 4

This is a transcription factor and pronto-oncogene found in neuronal cells and is studied to elucidate neuronal circuitry

Question 5

C-Jun

Answer 5

This protein binds to c-fos and forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. C- jun is the first oncogenic transcription factor discovered.

Question 6

Frizzled

Answer 6

This is a G protein coupled receptor that is involved in Wnt signaling. Activation of this receptor induces Dishevelled protein activation.

Question 7

Dishevelled

Answer 7

This is a family of canonical and non-canonical proteins involved in Wnt signaling. These proteins are present in the embryonic and adults states and range from cell differentiation to cell polarity and social behavior.

Question 8

Beta catenin

Answer 8

Protein involved regulation and coordination of cell-cell adhésion and gene transcription. It is a subunit of the cadherin protein and a signal transducer of the Wnt signaling pathway.

Question 9

Wnt signaling

Answer 9

Evolutionary conserved signaling pathway across animals. Three kinds that include Wnt ligand, frizzled, receptor and dishevelled intracellular protein that in turn regulates gene transcription.

Question 10

Ura3

Answer 10

This is a gene in Chromosome V in yeast. It codes for the protein ODCase that catalysés one reaction in the formation of pyrimadine nucleotides.

Question 11

Gancyclovir

Answer 11

This is used as a selection against random recombination events when homologous recombination of the gene of interest is required.

Question 12

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Answer 12

These are cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic like pluripotent state that enables making unlimited amount of cells for therapeutic purposes (4 factors - myc, soc)

Question 13

SHH

Answer 13

This stands for Sonic Hedgehog, a ligand for the Patched Receptor in the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. SHH mostly occurs in neural cells.

Question 14

Patched

Answer 14

This is the receptor for SHH in the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Question 15

Smoothened

Answer 15

This is a protein that is negatively regulated by Patched

Question 16

Primary Cilium

Answer 16

This is a tubular structure in the the vertebrate cell membrane where the Smoothened protein resides.

Question 17

Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3

Answer 17

These are transcription factors that are activated by an active Smoothened.

Question 18

IHH

Answer 18

This stands for Indian Hedgehog and is important for skeletal development in vertebrates.

Question 19

Desert Hedgehog

Answer 19

This pathway plays an important role in gonad development in vertebrate cells.

Question 20

SUFU

Answer 20

This is a protein that binds to the Gli proteins causing them to reside in the cytosol.

Question 21

Teratogenic

Answer 21

These are drugs that affect the the development of the fetus and embryo.

Question 22

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 22

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the movement of drugs in the body.

Question 23

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 23

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action.

Question 24

Polycomb Group Proteins

Answer 24

There are transcriptional repressors and function by removing HATs from chromatin.

Question 25

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2

Answer 25

This protein catalyzes trimethylation of H3K27 and represses expression of target genes.

Question 26

Penetrance

Answer 26

This is the extent a gene or a group of genes is expressed in the phenotype of an organism.

Question 27

Zinc Finger Domain

Answer 27

Function is to stabilize the structural components of the protein.

Question 28

ADP Ribosylation

Answer 28

This is an addition of one or more ADP ribosyl moieties at a protein and is an example of post translational modification.

Question 29

Bromodomain

Answer 29

This are proteins that bind to acetylated histones.

Question 30

Chromodomain

Answer 30

These are proteins that bind to methylated histones.

Question 31

Cohesin

Answer 31

This is a protein that mediates sister chromatin adhesion.

Question 32

EGCG

Answer 32

This is a HAT inhibitor and can inhibit the acetylation of p65 inhibiting its translocation to the nucleus. It can also upregulate the amount of iKappaBalpha in the cytosol thus inhibiting NFKappaB and decrease the expression of NFKappaB target genes.

Question 33

L002

Answer 33

This is a p300 inhibitor (Inhibits histone acetylation and p53 acetylation and can inhibit the activation of STAT3)

Question 34

MB-3

Answer 34

This is a cell permeable inhibitor against GCN5. It is able to decrease the levels of histone H3 acetylation and alpha tubulin acetylation.

Question 35

Types of HDACs

Answer 35

1) Types I,II and IV require Zn2+ as a cofactor.

2) Type III requires NAD+ as a cofactor.

Question 36

HDAC inhibitor classification

Answer 36

1) aliphatic acids (weak HDAC activity)
2) cyclic peptide (Depsipeptide)
3) Hydroxamate (TSA and Vorinostat)
4) Benzamide

Question 37

Bim

Answer 37

This is a pro-apoptotic protein.

Question 38

HIF-1alpha

Answer 38

This is a pro-angiogenic transcription factor.

Question 39

Gene Expression Profiling

Answer 39

This is the measurement of activity of thousands of genes at once to create a global picture of cellular function.

Question 40

lipolytic

Answer 40

This is the breakdown of fats and lipids by hydrolysis to produce fatty acids.

Question 41

UCP1

Answer 41

This is mitochondrial uncoupling protein that is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT).