Signaling Pathways and Proteins

Question 1

Cdks

Answer 1

Cdks stands for cyclin dependent kinases. These are proteins first discovered in regulating the cell cycle. They are also important for regulating transcription, mRNA processing and the differentiation of nerve cells.

Question 2

Cyclins

Answer 2

These are a family of proteins known to activate cdks that in turn control the progression of the cell through the cell cycle.

Question 3

Proteasome

Answer 3

This is a protein complex containing proteases that breaks down proteins tagged by ubiquitin.

Question 4

Ubiquitin

Answer 4

This is a single chain polypeptide found in living cells that plays a role in the degradation of superfluous and defective proteins.

Question 5

BCL2

Answer 5

This is a protein that regulates cell death by either inducing or inhibiting apoptosis. It was the first apoptosis regulator discovered in an organism. It is widely believed to be an apoptosis suppressor gene. Venetoclax is an FDA approved drug that targets the BCL2 protein.

Question 6

Bim

Answer 6

This is a member of the BCL2 family of proteins that promote apoptosis.

Question 7

Bax/ Bak

Answer 7

These are proteins found in higher eukaryotes that cause holes to form in the mitochondrial outer membrane, hence inducing apoptosis.

Question 8

p53

Answer 8

This protein functions as a tumor suppressor.

Question 9

CREB

Answer 9

This is a transcription factor that binds to cAMP response elements on the DNA inducing either stimulation or inhibition of transcription

Question 10

Sp1

Answer 10

This protein is a transcription factor that activates transcription of cell cycle regulators, house-keeping genes and tissue-restricted genes.

Question 11

PLX51107

Answer 11

This is a BET (BRD4) inhibitor. It consequently inhibits myc protein expression.

Question 12

Myc

Answer 12

This is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors. In cancer, c-myc is constitutively expressed.

Question 13

Basal cell Carcinoma

Answer 13

This is a type of skin cancer that most commonly occurs on the face and seldom metastatizes.

Question 14

ARF

Answer 14

This is a tumor suppressor that binds to NPM.

Question 15

Fbw7 gamma

Answer 15

This is a tumor suppressor that binds to NPM.

Question 16

Trastuzumab

Answer 16

This is a monoclonal antibody that targets the HER2 protein in breast cancer cells.

Question 17

Adalimumab and Infliximab

Answer 17

These are monoclonal antibodies that target the TNF alpha cytokine. TNF alpha causes inflammation.

Question 18

Ranibizumab

Answer 18

This is a monoclonal antibody that targets VEGF A. This is injected directly into the eye of patients.

Question 19

Catumaxomab

Answer 19

This is a hybrid monoclonal antibody that targets the CD3 antigen and EpCAM and is used to treat malignant ascites.

Question 20

Emicizumab

Answer 20

This is a drug used for treatment of hemophilia A.