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Biochemistry > Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

How do steriods travel in the bloodstream?

A

Bind to Albumin

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2
Q

List pathway of steroids to gene expression

A

1) steriod binds to receptor in cytoplasm 2) Receptor/Ligand complex =>nucleus 3) Binds to DNA =>gene transcription

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3
Q

Autocrine

A

Same or Identical cell responds to signal

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4
Q

Paracrine

A

single cell secrets ligands that bind only to phenotypically different cells within short distance

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5
Q

Endorcrine signaling

A

Utilizes bloodstream to transport hormones over LONG distances

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6
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

Nerve cell signals to non-neuronal target cell

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7
Q

Nitric oxide has what effect on smooth muscle cells

A

relaxation = dilation of blood vessels

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8
Q

Arginine becomes Nitric Oxide after what ligand binds to endothelial cell?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What is nitroglycerine

A

Drug that produces Nitric Oxide and causes blood vesells to dilate; relieves angina

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10
Q

Kinase proteins can transfer terminal phospate from ATP to OH group of which three amino acids?

A

Serine Threonine Tyrosine

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11
Q

G-Protein coupled receptors are composed of what three subunits?

A

1) GTPase 2) Beta (B) 3) Gamma (y)

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12
Q

How do G-Protein receptors deactivate?

A

GTPase’s own enzymatic activity turns GTP -> GDP

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13
Q

What is the action of Ga-s/GTP

A

activates enzyme adenylate cyclase

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14
Q

What is the action of Ga-i/GTP

A

inhibits enzyme adenylate cyclase

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15
Q

What is the action of Ga-q/GTP

A

activates enzymes phospholipase C

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16
Q

Adenylate cyclase activates what?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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17
Q

What is the role of cAMP?

A

cAMP binds to regulatory subunit of Protein Kinase A which causes the subunit to disassemble -> PKA activated

18
Q

what enzyme deactivates cAMP?

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

19
Q

Ga-s are a part of what type of receptors?

A

B-adrenergic receptors

20
Q

Ga-i are a part of what type of receptors?

A

a2-adrenergic receptors

21
Q

Ga-q are a part of what type of receptors?

A

a1-adrenergic receptors

22
Q

When Ga-q binds to GTP, what does it activate?

A

phospholipase C (PLC)

23
Q

What is the role of Phospholipase C (PLC)?

A

Cleaves PIP2 forming DAG and IP3

24
Q

what is the role of IP3 in cells?

A

IP3 binds to endoplasmic reticulum and causes Ca2+ to be released

25
Q

what is the role of CA2+ in a1-adrenergic signaling mechanism?

A

CA2+ binds to Protein Kinase C and recruits it to DAG and then PKC is fully activated

26
Q

Describe structure of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)?

A

transmembrane proteins that have an extracellular portion that binds to ligand and intracellular portion that is able to phosphorylate itself

27
Q

describe structure of insulin receptor

A

receptor tyrosine kinase; dimer composed of subunits alpha and beta

28
Q

What key player does insulin receptor activate?

A

Insulin receptor substate 1 (IRS-1)

29
Q

List process of RTK signaling

A

1) ligand binds to RTK 2) RTK dimerizes 3) each receptor phosphorylates each other 4) GRB2 binds to receptor 5) SOS binds to GRB2 6) RAS binds to SOS 7) Activated RAS activates MAPK

30
Q

what are the effects of acivated MAPK?

A

1) cell division 2) altered gene expression 3) cell survival

31
Q

Name a pathway that Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 activates

A

IRS-1 activates PI3K what activates AKT to increase glucose uptake

32
Q

Does phosphorylation activate or inhibit enzymatic activity?

A

phosphorylation may activate OR inhibit enzymatic activity

33
Q

What state does insulin favor?

A

dephosphorylation

34
Q

What state does glucagon favor?

A

phosphorylation

35
Q

How does glucagon cause phosphorylation

A

Via Ga-s receptor pathway -> activates PKA

36
Q

Steriod proteins bind to thier receptors where?

A

In the cytoplasm

37
Q

Nitric Oxide must perform its signaling function quickly because

A

It has a short half life

38
Q

Ras is bound to what in its deactivated state?

A

GDP

39
Q

The ligands Epinephrine and Glucagon act on what type of signaling receptor?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

40
Q

Nitric Oxide binds to in type of cells

A
  • Guanylyl Cyclase
  • smooth muscle cells -> causes relaxation
41
Q

G couple protein receptors (Ga-s; Ga-i; Ga-q) can be stimulated by what common ligand?

A

Epinephrine

42
Q
A

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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