Signal Conditiong Flashcards
The process of converting raw signals from a sensor or transducer into a form that is suitable for processing by a control unit in a mechatronics system. It includes operations like noise reduction, linearization, amplification, and conversion between analog and digital forms.
signal conditioning
Converts a nonlinear signal to a linear form. Often necessary for sensors like thermocouples, which have a nonlinear relationship between input and output.
linearization
To prepare signals by removing noise, converting nonlinear signals to linear, and adjusting signal amplitude so they are suitable for a control system.
purpose of signal conditioning
Reduces high-amplitude signals to a lower, manageable level, usually for data acquisition systems limited to specific voltage ranges.
attenuation
Increases low-amplitude signals, typically from sensors, to levels suitable for processing.
amplification
Removes noise from a signal, allowing only the desired frequency components to pass through. Filters can be low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-reject.
filtering
Prevents high voltages from affecting the control system, often achieved using isolation amplifiers. This is critical in applications involving high voltages.
isolation
Converts digital signals back into analog form, often through circuits like the binary-weighted-input
DAC.
digital to analog conversion (DAC)
Converts analog signals to digital format, often involving sample-and-hold circuits to map out the waveform digitally.
analog to digital conversion (ADC)
Key components for signal conditioning, enabling amplification of low-level output signals from sensors like thermocouples and strain-gage bridges.
operational amplifiers
Commonly used to measure electrical resistance changes, particularly useful for strain gauges
Wheatstone bridge
Circuits designed to pass or reject certain frequency bands in a signal, used extensively to eliminate noise
filters
. Provides positive gain without inverting the signal phase, used when signal integrity in the same polarity is needed.
non-inverting amplifier
Inverts the input signal’s phase, often used in applications where a phase inversion is required.
inverting amplifier
Maintains the original signal’s voltage level while providing high input impedance and low output impedance, preventing disturbance to the original circuit.
voltage follower/buffer
Compares two voltages and outputs a signal indicating which input is higher. Common in control applications where voltage thresholds are critical.
voltage comparator
Adds multiple input voltages, each with a specific gain factor, useful in applications requiring combined signal inputs.
summing amplifier
Amplifies the difference between two input voltages, often used with sensors like thermocouples that measure differential voltage.
differential amplifier
Converts current to a proportional voltage, useful in sensor applications where current output needs voltage conversion.
current to voltage converter
Converts a voltage signal to a proportional current, often applied in current-driven control systems.
voltage to current converter
Produces an output proportional to the rate of change of the input signal, effective for detecting rapid changes in signals.
differentiator
Integrates the input signal over time, providing an output that represents the accumulated signal value, often used in applications like control systems where accumulation over time is significant.
integrator
Allows low-frequency signals to pass and attenuates high-frequency signals, commonly used to remove high-frequency noise.
low-pass filter
Allows high-frequency signals to pass while blocking low-frequency components, useful for eliminating low-frequency interference.
high-pass filter
Blocks signals within a specific frequency range while allowing frequencies outside that range to pass, often used to eliminate specific unwanted frequencies.
band-reject filter
Passes signals within a specific frequency band and blocks signals outside that range, ideal for isolating a particular frequency range in applications.
band-pass filter
Provides electrical isolation using light transmission, commonly used to isolate high voltages and protect control systems.
optoisolator
Protects circuits from surges and faults, ensuring the safety and longevity of components in a system.
circuit protection
