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Personality Theories > Sigmund Freud > Flashcards

Sigmund Freud Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoanalysis comprises not only a well-known psychotherapeutic
method, but also……

A

a detailed personality theory

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2
Q

What context is NB to keep in mind when looking at Freud’s theories?

A
  • his theories were developed on basis on contact with the upper class of Viennese society (extreme sexual modesty assumed)
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3
Q

Freud was strongly influenced by his science teacher, how did this impact his model of the person?

A
  • he tried to build a dynamic, mechanistic model of the person that fits into the mechanistic view of the world found in physics
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4
Q

What are the 3 basic assumptions about humans that are vital to an understanding of Freud’s theory?

A
  • psychosocial conflict (drives vs social norms)
  • biological and psychic determinism (drives rooted in body and psyche)
  • the mechanistic assumption (humans function as machines => energy consumption, conservation and transformation valid principles)
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5
Q

The various components of an individual function together to achieve what 3 primary goals?

A
  1. ensure survival of indi
  2. to experience as much pleasure as possible
  3. to minimize the experinece of guilt
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6
Q

The memories that do not cause pain, and memories that cause pain or guilt exist in the…….. repectively

A
  • precon
  • uncon
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7
Q

On what LOCs do the structural parts function?

A
  • ID: almost exclusively UC, but can sometimes make wishes felt in PC (like in dreams)
  • Ego: all 3 levels (dominates CON)
  • SE: all 3 levels, only a little in CON
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8
Q

The id is in direct contact with the….., from which the body gains….

This….. is linked to the drives, namely the …….

A

body, energy

energy,

life/eros and death/thanatos drive

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9
Q

The id functions according to the…. or the ….. which seeks…

A
  • primary process (no thought, reflection, planning)
  • pleasure principal
  • immediate and complete satisfaction
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10
Q

Why is the id not geared towards actual drive satisfaction?

What can it do instead?

A
  • it has no contact with external reality, incapable of finding appropriate objects in environment to satisfy drives.
  • Instead of drive satisfaction, can only accomplish wish fulfillment (images and fantasy). But, needs real food for real hunger, needs a reality- oriented subsystem of personality => ego
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11
Q

Why does the ego develop?

The ego functions according to the…. and…..

A
  • develops from the id to ensure indi’s survival - serves id’s needs by finding suitable objects for real drive satisfaction
  • secondary process (reflect, plan, postpone satisfaction)
  • reality principal (rational, takes account of physical and social reality)
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12
Q

When the ego deems an object as one that can realistically satisfy the drives, it uses….

A

cathexis - the investment of of psychic energy

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13
Q

The ego can be described as the executive that operates in terms of which 3 briefs?

What are the threats that the enforce these 3 briefs?

A
  • id
  • physical reality
  • superego (soc’s moral codes)
  • tension and discomfort (if drives are unsatisfied)
  • realistically no satisfactory objects, sometimes physical/social dangers
  • punishment and guilt
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14
Q

Where does the ego draw it’s energy from?

A
  • the id’s drives
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15
Q

Outline the development of the ego?

A
  • begins to dev in first year of life, continues to changes throughout life as it learns through exps (new ways of drive sat, adaptation to id drives and phys/soc reality)
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16
Q

The SE develops from the….. and functions according to the…

A
  • ego
  • moral principle
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17
Q

What are the two elements of the superego?

A
  • the punishing “conscience”
  • the encourager of moral behaviour “ego-ideal”
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18
Q

Where does the SE draw its energy?

A

the id - specifically the death/thanatos drive

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19
Q

Why would the SE pressurize the E to keep forbidden drives at an UC level?

A

SE functions at all LOC, so a person may feels consciously guilty for drives or wishes even when they occur on the PC level

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20
Q

In line with Freud’s mechanistic assumption, he believes that the human psyche functions on…

A

on energy converted from the physical-biological form to psychic energy

  • this energy either urges the indi to act (drives), or tortures them with guilt feelings
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21
Q

What four things do all drives have in common?

A
  • source (e.g., hunger = gullet and stomach)
  • impetus/energy (intensity)
  • goal (always satisfaction, but comes through achieving various tasks; can be uncon)
  • object (thing suitable for fulfillment) * chosen by ego and invested with psychi energy (cathexis)
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22
Q

When the object of a drive becomes unavailable or unrealistic, what takes place?

What potential problem arises?

A
  • substitution (mother’s breast for dummy)
  • second object less satisfying, unconsumed psychic energy accumulates and causes problems
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23
Q

What types of drives exist?

A

Life drives/Eros (constructive development)
1. Ego drives (service indi)
2. Sexual drives (survival of species)

Death drive/Thanatos (disintegrate and die)

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24
Q

Outline the Ego drives

A
  • in line with primary needs (survival depends on satisfaction)
  • powerful (but receive little attention as they cause no conflicts
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25
Q

Ego drives are separate from sexual drives in that: (3 points)

A
  • related to the survival of the indi (sexual drives related to survival of the species)
  • not associated with morals and guilt
  • provide energy needed for functioning of the ego
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26
Q

Sexual drives’ primary function is….
They are present from….. but only serve as survival….

A

erotic - provides erotic pleasure or discomfort

from birth, after puberty

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27
Q

What is the original object of the death drive?

This conflicts with the life drives and is…

A
  • the individual’s body
  • projected outward in the from of aggression and destruction
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28
Q

Both the sexual drives and the death drives….

A

play an important role in the normal dev of the person, and in the causation of psychopathology

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29
Q

In what ways can the death drive exercise it’s energy in a way that’s socially acceptable

A
  • sublimation (butchers, carpenters, film critics)
30
Q

What are some of the other ways that the death drive uses its energy?

A
  • attacks on the person through the superego
  • all forms of self-harm (performance errors, accident-proneness, suicide)
31
Q

Ultimately, the death drive reverts its energy towards….

A
  • it’s initial object (the indi)
32
Q

Freud sees death as…

A
  • the goal of all life, a tensionless state, the unconscious ideal of life, nirvana
33
Q

Freud believes that the sexual drive is present….

A

From birth, as seen by a baby’s enjoyment of suckling even when full

34
Q

What does Freud see as the first acting out of the the death drive?

A

violence in the form or a baby biting his mother’s breast (prompting punishment in the firm of weaning)

35
Q

What are the 3 sub-sections of Freud’s view of the person?

A
  • Psychosocial conflict
  • Biological and psychic determinism
  • The Mechanistic assumption
36
Q

What the the 2 sub-sections of Freud’s structure of the personality?

A
  • The LOC
  • The structural view
37
Q

What the the 5 sub-sections of Freud’s dynamics of the personality?

A
  • Motivation
  • Anxiety
  • Defence Mechanisms
  • Dreams
  • Parapraxes
38
Q

What are the 5 stages of Freud’s development of the personality?

A
  • the oral stage
  • the anal stage
  • the phallic stage
  • the latent stage
  • the genital stage
39
Q

What is anxiety according to Freud?

A
  • the ego’s reaction to danger, stemming from conflict between the id and the SE
40
Q

Name and outline the 3 types of anxiety according to Freud

A

Reality Anxiety (fear)
- anx about actual dangers in external environment, indi can do something about this

Neurotic Anxiety
- E fears that an UC drive will become C, or uncontrollable and lead to punishment/guilt

Moral anxiety
- E is fearful of SE and its punishments for a forbidden drive or action (drive or action is not Con, has been repressed)

*both NA and and MA stem from within, origin is partially or wholly uncon, v difficult or impossible to deal with these types of A

*NA and MA play NB role in all psych disturbances and real life, defense mechanisms and dreams of forbidden desires used to deal with the A. Extreme cases, person develops psychosis or neurosis as the only way out of the unbearable situation

41
Q

What are the “normal ways” that people use to cope with their anxiety and unfulfilled desires?

A
  • defence mechanisms
  • dreams
  • performance errors
42
Q

DM’s used by …. to defend itself against the….., which causes….

A
  • ego
  • conflict between forbidden drives and moral codes
  • neurotic and moral anxiety
43
Q

What are the 3 common traits in all DMs?

A
  • they are denials and distortions of reality
  • they operate subconsciously
  • they are geared to keeping anxiety-provoking material unconscious
44
Q

What is the basic DM? And what are the roles of all the other DMs?

A
  • Repression
  • to keep repressed material unconscious
45
Q

List the DMs

A
  1. Repression and resistance
  2. Projection (changes NA/MA into RA. Often occurs in conjunc with reaction formation)
  3. Reaction formation (often the route of any fanatical behaviour)
  4. Rationalisation
  5. Displacement (object) and sublimation (activity) (can be transference in therapy)
  6. Fixation and regression
  7. Identification (e.g., with father in Oedipus complex)

RepRessed People Rarely Recieve DyStopian FaRm Igloos

46
Q

What is the only “successful” DM?

A

Displacement - other DMs do nothing for the reduction of energy of drives, cause of anxiety remains and egos DMs must keep up

47
Q

Outline fixation and regression as DMs

A

Fixation - when one’s psych dev becomes stuck at a particular stage - avoidance of the challenges of the next stage.

This has a retarding effect on the child’s total development

Regression - return to the behaviour of an earlier stage where there was less anxiety and frustration. Always regress to where one was previously fixated

48
Q

According to Freud, where do dreams arise from?

A
  • the repression of desires which can only be fulfilled in a distorted way during sleep. (precon censoring of EGO less active)

They are therefore disguised/symbolic forms of our desires, fears and conflicts

49
Q

What are the two types of dream content?

A
  • manifest content
  • latent content

dream work is the transformation of latent content into manifest content

50
Q

Freud view dreams as the ….

A

royal road to the unconscious

51
Q

Parapraxes are….

A

errors in speech, memory, action that occur due to interference of uncon repressed material

52
Q

Freud viewed parapraxes as mild forms of….

A

psychopathology

53
Q

Freud’s theory of development revolves around…

A

the sex drive and on how society and the child deal with the accompanying problems (hence psycho-sexual)

54
Q

What results in the movement of an individual from one stage of psychosexual development to the next?

A

A change in the source of sexual drive energy.

55
Q

While Biological maturation is what determines the developmental pattern, social circumstances…..

A
  • cause individual differences in process and personality attributes that develop
56
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages and their rough ages?

A
  • oral (1st year)
  • anal (2nd year)
  • phallic (3-6)
  • latent (6-12)
  • genital (pub - )
57
Q

Why does Freud focus on the first 3 stages of PS development?

What are these phases referred to and why?

A
  • he maintains that personality characteristics are permanently fixed during this period
  • pre-genital - as there is sexual development but it has nothing to do with procreation
58
Q

List the following about the Oral stage of PS development:

  • main erogenous zone
  • defence mechanism
  • causes of fixation
  • important event
  • personality types
A
  • lips and mouth
  • displacment (dummy, thumb)
  • pampering, frustration, shaming of next phase mishaps
  • development of E and SE
  • dependence on others, narcissism, excess optimism and jealousy (OR opposite due to RF)
59
Q

List the following about the Anal stage of PS development:

  • erogenous zone
  • forms of violence
  • personality types
A
  • anus and excretory canal
  • excreting at the wrong time or refusing excretion to punish parents
  • excessive neatness, thriftiness, obstinacy (OR opposites). Sadism, masochism and OCD from this phase
60
Q

List the following about the Phallic stage of PS development:

  • difference from previous stages (2 marks)
  • basis for dev
  • complexes
  • personality traits
A
  • dev for boys and girls proceeds along different lines, and source of sexual drive energy no longer purely physical
  • wishes (related to parents and penises)
  • oedipus and electra
  • neurotic characteristics, sexual adaption problems (homosexuality).
61
Q

Outline the Oedipus complex

A
  • boy wants to take on sexual function of father with mother, feels hatred for father as he cannot
  • boy makes sexual overtures to mother and angry outbursts towards father, for which he is punished (experiences of threat of castration)
  • boy uses repression and identification with father to placate anxiety (takes on father’s characteristics, especially moral code which becomes his SE)
62
Q

Outline the electra complex

A
  • girl realizes she does not have a penis, blames her mother
  • envies her father, and sexually desires him thinking she can acquire a penis from him
  • repression and identification causes daughter to imitate role of mother
63
Q

What are the 3 ways in which an overly strict SE can develop in the phallic stage of PS dev?

A
  • father is too strict (and son IDs with him)
  • father is absent and SE becomes unyielding
  • father is not strict enough

*second two cases, son cannot direct enough aggressive energy towards father, and so directs it towards himself

64
Q

Outline the latent stage of PS dev

A
  • no new physical source of sexual drive energy
  • repression of oedipus complex and ID with same sex parent means child concerned with learning gender role (little interest in opposite sex) *Freud calls this the homosexual stage
65
Q

Outline the following aspects of the genital stage

  • source of sexual energy
  • why sexual urges arise
  • defence mechanisms used
  • outcomes of problems at this stage
A
  • full sexual apparatus (genital and pre-genital stage organs)
  • repression of phallic stage urges no longer sufficient to cope with conflict between sexual urges and moral code
  • displacement and sublimation used to navigate this
  • problems => regression to less stressful stage (suck thumb or pen)
66
Q

Why does Freud see no essential difference between healthy and psychologically disturbed people?

A

both are struggling with the same psychic problems - the handling of conflict between drives and morals

67
Q

The “genital character” is the personality type the comes closest to representing the ideal development with balanced conflict management. Outline this character from a developmental, structural and dynamic perspective

A
  • developmental: genital stage of dev is attained w/out any fixations on earlier stages and thus no regression
  • structural: a strong ego and not an overly strict SE
  • dynamic: ego is capable of effective reality testing, use most effective DM (Sublimation) - able to satisfy all urges in an acceptable way, “the ability to love and work”
68
Q

Because Freud regards his psychoanalytic theory as an explanation for both normal and abnormal behaviour, he sees abnormal behaviour as…

A
  • merely extreme or exaggerated forms of normal behaviour
69
Q

What is the cause of psychological disorders according to Freud?

A
  • an imbalance in the structure of the personality (ego to weak to handle conflict between id and SE)
  • when defence mechanism are not enough and ego is overwhelmed, it resorts to pathological ways of handling conflict (and attempt to escape from the conflict)
70
Q

What are the historical and contemporary causes of a weak ego/imbalances personality?

A

Historical causes:

  • fixation in a stage
  • development of too weak an ego (fixation or parental over-protection)
  • development of an overly strict SE

Contemporary causes:

  • change or crisis that upsets persons balance between fulfilling drives and guilt
  • disruption usually arises from a transition from one life stage to another
71
Q

How does Freud explain the development of neuroses, personality disorders and psychoses?

A

Neuroses - the ego’s inability to cope with the conflict between the id and the SE, the ego produces a symptoms in a desperate effort to save the situation. The direct cause is often a SPECIFC incident which brings and underlying conflict to the surface

Personality disorders - deeply-rooted disturbed ways of dealing with conflict and satisfying drives. Disturbance is a results of fixation and regression to appropriate pre-genital stage

Psychoses - the results of a complete inability of the ego to deal with anxiety, resulting in total withdrawal and distortion of reality - ego disintegrates to the extent that it cannot function according to the reality principle anymore

72
Q

What are some of the ways in which Freud’s work lives on today?

A
  • education and dev psych (importance of early years)
  • psychotherapy (talk therapy, dream work, subcon, DMs, transference etc)

Personality Theories (7 decks)

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