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Personality Theories > Erich Fromm (Soc PA theories) > Flashcards

Erich Fromm (Soc PA theories) Flashcards

1
Q

Under the dynamics of the personality, Fromm says humans have 5 needs. What are they?

A
  • relatedness
  • transcendence
  • rootedness
  • personal identity
  • frame of reference

Fromm Personaly Require Testosterone Replacement

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2
Q

Under the development of the personality, Fromm lists two types of orientation, the first of which has 5 types of character. What are they?

A

Non-productive orientation
- Receptive
- Exploitative
- Hoarding
- Marketing
- Necrophilous

Productive orientation

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3
Q

Who greatly influences Fromm’s writings?

A

Karl Marx
- but Fromm was interested in his social and philosophical views, not his political and economic theories

*nonetheless, he felt capitalism had a negative effect on an individual’s psyche

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4
Q

What is the main theme of Fromm’s work?

A

People’s struggle to retain their worth and freedom in spite of society’s pressure to conform

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5
Q

Fromm’s theories were seen as ….. and ….. as he seemed to disagree with Freud on….. But,…

A

anti-biological
sociocultural
biological determinism

Fromm actually did not object to biological influences on personality, but rather to Freud’s mechanistic view

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6
Q

Fromm sees the human …. with both a….. and ….

A

dualistic

animal and human nature (basic physiological needs and also self-con, reason, conscience)

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7
Q

For Fromm, people must ….. and ……

A
  • transcend their animal natures and confront their existential and historical dichotomies
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8
Q

Explain what existential and historical dichotomies are

A

existential dichotomies: e insoluble conflicts inherent in human existence; individuals can react in various ways according to their characters and culture

historical dichotomies: conflicts that can be overcome or discarded

  • all people are alike in that they all face the same dichotomies
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9
Q

According to Fromm, where do humans’ basic motivation come from?

A

in the management
of the dichotomies of human existence (animal versus human nature; individual
versus society)

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10
Q

WRT the structure of the personality, in what ways does Fromm differ and agree with Freud

A
  • Agrees that con and uncon are NB parts of human functioning

Differs:
- little attention to structural components and focus on social dynamics (like Horney)
- does not accept division on id,E,SE
- wrt consciousness, focusses on SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS (con of the fact that one is con - separates us from animals)

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11
Q

Self-con results in 2 purely human processes. Outline them.

A
  1. Reason
    - enables us to transcend animal nature and deal with dichotomies of life.
    - a blessing and a curse, constantly trying to solve the unsolvable and make the world more comfortable
  2. Conscience
    - regulates the personality and allows evaluation of behaviour
    a) authoritarian conscience
    - voice in internalized external authority
    - inhibits development by detracting from freedom and and forcing conformity

b) humanistic conscience
- person’s own inner voice, the voice of their whole being (functional or not) and not an aspect.
- encourages growth, maintains self-interest and integrity

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12
Q

What are the two components of personality according to Fromm?

A

Inherent and learnt psychic characteristics which creates difference between:

  • temperament: behavioural responses, cannot be changed
  • character: component shaped by personal experiences and socialisation (can be changed), reflects society’s influence
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13
Q

What does Fromm see as a replacement for instincts?

A
  • character. Instincts direct and determine animal behaviour only.
    Character is a more or less set way in which humans channel their energy when interact with people
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14
Q

While Freud sees biological determinism as the explanation of human behaviour, Fromm sees a …… foundation localized in the indi’s…..

A

social determinist

character

To Fromm, the SOCIAL CHARACTER is the nucleus of the character structure, is shared by most members of a culture and is distinct from INDIVIDUAL CHARACTRE

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15
Q

According to Fromm, the social character has an….. on the individual character

A

overriding

  • and indi can only live as a social being, thus SC plays a decisive role in the formation of IC
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16
Q

Fromm’s main difference from Freud ITO the dynamics of the personality is that

A
  • he does not regards humans as being at the mercy of their instincts . He sees behaviour as rising out of HUMAN NEEDS
17
Q

Fromm see’s human behaviour as rising out of 5 human needs. One of which is the need for relatedness. Outline this need.

A
  • need to belong to someone/thing as we have no unity with nature
  • sep. from nature leaves us lonely and isolated, enter relationship with others for our sanity
  • unhealthy: relationships of domination (sadistic) and submission (masochistic) - both types are dependent and inhibit individuality/freedom
  • healthy: love - two people become one, but remain two at the same time
  • those incapable of love suffer from narcissism, which is found in all forms of psychopathology
18
Q

Outline Fromm’s need for transcendence.

A
  • need to transcend natural/instinctual by creating or destroying
  • creation = purposeful, free existence through art, love etc
  • destruction = when creation is blocked

Two types of aggression:
1. benign aggression: instinctual impulse aimed at protection
2. malignant aggression: agg that is an end in itself (peculiar to humans)

  • love and hate both answer the need for transcendence
19
Q

Outline the need for rootedness

A
  • need to be protected and form part of a historical past
  • people yearn lifelong for the protection they experienced pre-birth
  • unity of family, church, state etc is mature adult exhibition of this
20
Q

Outline the need for personal identity

A
  • breaking of bond with mother and awakening of self-awareness/sense of being distinct creates need for ID
  • people need to know themselves and their place as free indis
  • not fully possible under a government, only an ideal
21
Q

Outline the need for a frame of reference

A
  • reason, conscience and imagination (distinguish us from animals and) make us search for our own IDs
  • FOR orientates us w/in the world and gives meaning to our existence
  • 3 common FOR systems:
    1. Primitive: natural objects and ancestors give meaning
    2. Nontheistic: no specific deity, but a general philosophy to life (Hinduism, Buddhism etc)
    3. Monotheistic: specific concepts of God to which people can orient and direct their lives
22
Q

Depending on a person’s character, they can actualize their 5 needs in…. or ….ways

A

constructive (healthy, productive, actualising) - painful but fulfilling

or

destructive (escaping human freedom by submission or domination) - temporary security but destructive to spiritual health and human nature.

23
Q

How does Fromm see the personality developing?

What are the 2 ways environment shapes ones character?

A

socially driven resulting in character types

Assimilation (our experiences) and Socialization (parents/community experiences that are transmitted to the child)

24
Q

What are the 3 types of relationship that parents/community can form with children in the course of their socialisation?

A
  1. Symbiotic
    - parents swallow up children and children swallow up parents through buying intimacy and manipulating them to satisfy them respectively
    - no IND for child in either case
    - a dependent relationship will develop receptive-character
    - a manipulative relationship will create an exploitative character type
  2. Withdrawing-destructive relationship:
    - great distance, stems from subjugating child to parents will at any cost
    - child feels powerless
    - copes by: withdrawal/indifference (marketing character type) or assertive destruction (hoarding character type)
  3. Ideal parent-child relationship:
    - love, responsibility and consideration for oneself and others
    - child receives love and learns to give it (to themselves and others
    - develops productive interpersonal style manifested as biophilous character type
25
Q

What are the two interpersonl styles that underlie the different character types?

A

Non-productive orientation
- surrender of freedom and integrity through excessive indi needs/social demands (narcissism, selfishness, conformity etc)

Productive orientation
- actualisation of potential with no surrender of freedom or integrity (love, generosity, creativity, indep, rationality)

26
Q

What are the 5 character types within the Non-productive orientation interpersonal style

A
  1. Receptive (oral-incorporating and “moves towards others”)
  2. Exploitative (moves against and oral-aggressive)
  3. Hoarding (anal-retentive, moves away)
  4. Marketing (“I am as you desire me”, characterised by indifference)
  5. Necrophilous (anal - cruelty and aggression as the only ways of operating)
27
Q

What is the one character type within the productive orientation?

A

The biophilous charater
- love life and others in a productive way
- seeks freedom and independance
- influence others through love and reason, not power

28
Q

What are Fromm’s two modes of exisence?

A

Having mode - IDs defined in terms of possessions - “I am what I possess”

Being mode - sharing and co-op based on love, IDs defined in terms of what they are

29
Q

What is that one things that Fromm thinks can save the world from psychological and economic catastrophe?

A

when society shifts from a having mode to a being mode

30
Q

What are some of the characteristics of a healthy person according to Fromm?

A
  • spiritually healthy
  • productively-oriented lives
  • biophilous character type
  • being mode
  • live in present
  • one with themselves and society

SPLOBBeing mode

31
Q

What is required for optimal development to take place?

A
  • a healthy society
32
Q

What is the most common frustrater or optimal development?

A

a sick society
- both cap and comm

33
Q

What is the cause of Psychopathology according to Fromm?

A
  • the sociocultural properties of society: sick societies produce sick people
  • neurosis develops when healthy drives are blocked by parental of societal demands

*his therapy wanted to change society, not the individual

34
Q

According to Fromm, new personality types will emerge as….

A

society and its demands change

35
Q

Name the 4 types of Benign aggression

A
  1. Pseudo-agression (accidents, sports, assertion)
  2. Defensive (eliminate threats
  3. Conforming (at behest of authority)
  4. Instrumental (as a means, e.g., war)
36
Q

How should benign aggression be handled?

A

IDing and controlling the conditions that gave rise to it

37
Q

What character types display malignant aggression?

A
  • necrophilous and exploitative
    *this stems from character, not biology
38
Q

How ought one deal with malignant aggression?

A

Create a society in which human needs can be satisfied in productive ways

39
Q

What is the main critique of Fromm and Horney’s theories?

A

Not verified through observations drawn from clinical practice, but on critical analysis of social structure

Personality Theories (7 decks)

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