sight

Question 1

structures in the eye

Answer 1

pupil –> forms an opening
iris –> controls color of eye and pupil size
muscles behind iris –> control lens
lens –> controls focus
cornea –> bends light to aid the lens in focusing
retina –> membrane in back of they eye

Question 2

rods vs. cones

Answer 2

rods:
- operate at low levels of light
- night vision
- no color vision
- poor at fine detail
- located in the peripheral of the eye

cones:
- do poorly in low light
- love brightness
- see color
- see detail
- concentrated in the fovea
- located a little

Question 3

proximity

Answer 3

tend to see stimulus elements that are near each other as part of the same group (groups)

Question 4

similarity

Answer 4

elements that are similar tend to be grouped together (separating patterns)

Question 5

closure

Answer 5

we tend to supply missing elements to close / complete a familiar figure (finishing the shape)

Question 6

continuity

Answer 6

we tend to see elements in ways that produce continuous lines minimal change of direction (we see lines)

Question 7

common movement / fate

Answer 7

when elements are moving in the same direction at the same rate, we tend to see them as part of a single object

Question 8

good form or simplicity

Answer 8

the brain seeks the simplest explanation –> an object that is simmetrical may be seen as flat whereas when it isnt it may be seen as continuous lines

Question 9

How do we see 3D

Answer 9

Different cues:
- binocular cues –> your eyes are in two different positions so you have two different images. your brain uses these cues to establish depth

• monocular cues
  - motion parallax –> one of the most important features of depth perception. describes the rate of movement of objects in front of you to determine their distance.
  - optic flow –> when you move you get this radial flow in the retina. based on the movement of objects around you, you get an idea of what direction youre headed in (like if youre in a train car looking out the window) **optic flow helps maintain balance
  - Y shapes (three intersection points) imply corners
  - L shapes (two intersection points) imply connections
  - occlusion –> implies something in front
  - we also pick up cues from shading and lighting

Question 10

bottom up processing

Answer 10

we perceive local stimuli and bring them together to produce a whole

Question 11

top down processes

Answer 11

making use of knowledge to help usperceive (recognizing patterns)
- uses the context effect –> which is using memory and the context of a situation to make a judgement
- ex. seeing a dalmation in a jumbled mess of dots

Question 12

where is touch processed

Answer 12

parietal cortex

Question 13

where is taste processed

Answer 13

insular cortex

Question 14

where is sight processed

Answer 14

occipital lobe

Question 15

where is smell processed

Answer 15

olfactory bulb (part of the prefrontal cortex)

Question 16

where is sound processed

Answer 16

temporal lobe

Question 17

first stop when processing a sensation

Answer 17

everything travels to the thalamus FIRST (except smell)

Question 18

physical stimulus of audition

Answer 18

changes in air pressure over time

Question 19

amplitude vs. frequency

Answer 19

amplitude –> loudness
frequency –> pitch (cycles per second)
- fewer cycles per second, lower pitch and vice versa

Question 20

how does the auditory cortex map sounds

Answer 20

has a map correlating neurons to different frequencies

Question 21

auditory localization

Answer 21

a combination of intensity and timing of sounds help us determine where theyre coming from

Question 22

touch

Answer 22

senses pressure, temperature, and pain
- the receptor sends out an axon that goes to the brainstem, to the thalamus, then to the cortex

Question 23

pain sensation

Answer 23

fast fiber –> mylenated, so information is sent right away (sharp, fast pain)
slow fiber –> nonmylenated, so information takes longer to be processed (duller, diffused pain)

Question 24

open gate / closed gate

Answer 24

• a larger stimuli can block the firing of smaller nerve fiber firing (closing the gate)
• if you touch a burn it will block pain from being felt

Question 25

smell

Answer 25

• molecules from the air enter the nasal passageway
• they are received by olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium
• information then travels to the olfactory bulb (for smell processing). this information is then relayed to different parts of the brain.
• via the olfactory nerve, the information goes to:
  - the amygdala –> represents intensity (emotion/memory)
  - prefrontal cortex –> represents pleasentness/unpleasentness

Question 26

taste

Answer 26

• bumps in the tongue (papillae)
• taste receptors (taste buds) are located below in the walls
• attached to taste receptors is a nerve fiber that connects to spinal cord.
• information goes to thalamus and then frontal lobe

Question 27

taste = …

Answer 27

taste + smell + appearance + mouth feeling

its multisensory –> thats why you cant taste when you cant smell

Question 28

gestalt laws of perceptual organization

Answer 28

• proximity
• similarity
• closure
• continuity
• common fate / movement

Question 29

dorsal

Answer 29

‘where’ pathway –> distance

Question 30

ventral

Answer 30

‘what’ pathway

Question 31

induced grating

Answer 31

gradient of colors and one same color across the center

Question 32

brightness contrast

Answer 32

darker becomes lighter, lighter becomes darker

Question 33

hermann grid

Answer 33

the grid with the dots

Question 34

match bands

Answer 34

edge enhancement (the gradient)

Question 35

Lateral inhibition simple explanation

Answer 35

Lateral inhibition is the phenomenon in which a neuron’s response to a stimulus is inhibited by the excitation of a neighboring neuron.

Question 36

rate law

Answer 36

the principle that the strength of a stimulus is indicated by the rate of firing of the nerve impulses it elicits.

Question 37

retina bipolar cells

Answer 37

transfer visual information from photoreceptors

Question 38

retinal ganglian cells

Answer 38

collect information about the visual world from bipolar cells and propagate visual stimuli to the brain

Question 39

horizontal cells

Answer 39

integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells

Question 40

amacrine cells

Answer 40

receive synaptic input from bipolar cells and other amacrines, and in turn provide input to amacrine and ganglion cells

Question 41

doctrine of specific nerve energies

Answer 41

the concept that the quality of a sensory experience is determined by the type of sensory receptor and its nerve channels

Question 42

transduction

Answer 42

action or process of converting something and especially energy or a message into another form

Question 43

patient DF

Answer 43

has a form of agnosia. has trouble visually locating and identifying objects

Question 44

prosopagnosia

Answer 44

a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces

Question 45

visual agnosia

Answer 45

an impairment in recognizing visually presented objects, despite otherwise normal visual field

Question 46

balints syndrome

Answer 46

difficulty perceiving multiple objects simultaneously

Question 47

effects of medication

Answer 47

block nerve transmission to pain centers in the central nervous system by binding to and inhibiting the function of an ion channel

Question 48

Psychophysics

Answer 48

branch of psychology that deals with physical stimuli and mental phenomena

Question 49

Perceived size =

Answer 49

(retinal image size) x (perceived distance)

Question 50

cochlear implant

Answer 50

stimulates the auditory nerve

Question 51

vestibular sense

Answer 51

receptors in the semicircular canals in inner ear contain liquid. it stimulates hair which generates impulses. this tells the orientation of the head.

Question 52

kinesthesis

Answer 52

information about the muscles and joints