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B3 > Sievert Anatomy Week 1 > Flashcards

Sievert Anatomy Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three surface anatomy boundaries for the anterior abd wall?

A

1) Superior
2) Inferior
3) Lateral

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2
Q

What is the superior surface anatomy boundary of the anterior abd wall?

A

right and left costal marigins of the 7-10th ribs, xiphoid process

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3
Q

What is the inferior surface anatomy boundary of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

inguinal ligament

superior marigins of the pelvic girdle

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4
Q

What is the lateral surface anatomy boundary of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

lateral abd wall lol

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5
Q

True/False: The anterior abdominal wall soft tissues are restricted to the superior, inferior, and lateral boundaries

A

FALSE - for example, many of anterior wall muscles have much more extensive origins and insertions

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6
Q

The anterior abdomen is subdivided into 4 quadrants with a horizontal line through the _____ and a vertical line through the ____

A

umbilicus, midline

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7
Q

What are the 5 layers of the abdominal wall?

A 
skin
superficial fascia
muscle with investing fascia
transversalis fascia
parietal peritoneum
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8
Q

The superficial layer contains two layers. Name and briefly describe.

A

1) Camper’s - superficial fatty layer

2) Scarpa’s - deep membranous layer continuous with superficial perineal fascia, no fat

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9
Q

There is a potential space between Scarpa’s fascia and the investing fascia of the external oblique muscle. Describe how thise relates to extravasation of urine.

A

If the urethra ruptures from an accident, urine can extravasate into this space.
The scarpa’s fascia does not communicate with the thigh however because it fuses with the fascia lata at the inguinal ligament [line where thigh meets inguinal region]
Therefore, urine will not enter thigh

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10
Q

True/False: All muscles have investing fascia in superficial and deep surfaces

A

True

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11
Q

In the abdominal wall, the ________ surrounds or invests any organs found intraperitoneally in the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What is the transversalis fascia? Why is it important?

A

It is a transparent fascia that lines the entire abdominal wall.
It binds peritoneum to the deep layer of investing fascia.
It is located deep to the transversus abdominis muscle.
Testes and ovaries develop in this fascia.
Its name changes depending on the position (diaphragmmatic, pelvic fascia)

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13
Q

Describe the parietal peritoneum in the anterior abdomen

A

It is intimately in contact with the body wall and fused to all surface of the abdominal wall, except for where it covers certain organs that are retroperitoneal.
It lines the coelomic sac.
They may be fat between the peritoneum and the transversalis fascia.

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14
Q

What is the difference between retroperitoneal and secondary retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal develop behind coelomic sac and nerves push into it; they are only covered by peritoneum on their anterior surface and are located btwn parietal peritoneum and posterior abd wall

Secondary retroperitoneal organs develop into the coelomic sac and are covered by peritoneum but due to movement of the body cavity and pressure of the organ against the body wall, become retroperitoneal.
[ Wiki - organs that were once suspended within the abd cavity by mesentery but migrated posterior to peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal are considered secondarily retroperitoneal ]

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15
Q

What are the four anterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

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16
Q

Where do the four anterior abdominal wall muscles arise?

A

The external oblique arises from the surface of ribs 5-12.

The internal oblique and transversus abdominis both arise posteriorly from the thoraco-lumbar fascia.

  • internal oblique from lateral part
  • transversus abdominis from 7-12 costal cartilages

The internal oblique and transversus abdominis both arise inferiorly from the iliac crest

  • internal oblique from lateral 1/2 inguinal ligament
  • transversus from lateral 1/3 inguinal ligament

The rectus abdominis arises inferiorly from pubic symphysis and crest

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17
Q

Where do the four anterior abdominal wall muscles insert?

A

The external and internal obliques and transversus all insert into the linea alba.

The internal oblique and transversus abdominis insert into the pecten pubis and pubic crest via the conjoint tendon.

The external oblique also inserts into the anterior iliac crest and pubic tubercle.

The internal oblique insets into the lower ribs, with its fibers running perpendicular to external.

The tranversus abdominis fibers run parallel to transverse plane.

The rectus abdominis inserts into the xiphoid process and 5th-7th costal cartilages, courses superiorly to insert.

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18
Q

What is the source of innervation for the 4 anterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Internal oblique, transversus abdominis and rectus abdominis are innervated by T6-T11 intercostal nerves and the subcostal nerve.

in addition, the internal oblique and transversus abdominis are innervated by L1 spinal.

The external oblique is innervated by T7-T12

*subcostal=T12

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19
Q

Describe the actions of the anterior abdominal wall muscles

A

The internal and external obliques and rectus abdominis all assist will flexion against resistance.

The internal oblique, transversus, and rectus abdominis all compress the abdominal viscera.

The internal oblique and transversus abdominis support intrinsic back muscles due to origin from thoracolumbar fascia

The external oblique rotates the trunk to the opposite side, while the internal oblique rotate the trunk to the same side.

The rectus abdominis stabilizes the tilt of the pelvis

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20
Q

Describe clinically significant characteristics of the external oblique

A

inferior border of external oblique creates the inguinal ligament
incisions can be made along the linea alba without damaging the nerve supply

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21
Q

The inguinal ligament is defined by the point of attachment between ________ and _______

A

anterior iliac spine, pubic tubercle

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22
Q

Describe clinically significant characteristics of the internal oblique

A

When testes descend, pick up fibers from internal oblique because in lateral 1/2 inguinal ligament –> cremaster muscle

Can strength to help back injuries

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23
Q

Describe the clinically significant characteristics of the transversus abdominis

A

The peritoneum is located directly underneath the transversus abdominis muscle

Can also be strengthened to help back injuries

When testes descend, DO NOT pick up fibers from here because located in the lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament

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24
Q

Describe the rectus abdominis

A

It is sheathed by the rectus sheath up until the arcuate line.
They are two paired muscled divided into four bellies each by tendinous intersections.
Linear alba is located midline where two sides come together.
The inferior aspect does not have tendinous inscriptions due to anastomotic connections.

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25
Q

In the rectus abdominis, how does each packet receive innervation?

A

From nerve that runs posteriorly between transversus and internal oblique.

This can be deinnervated by surgical procedures - muscle will undergo atrophy and become fatty

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26
Q

The rectus sheath is a connective tissue sleeve formed by the aponeurotic tendons of the lateral 3 abdominal wall muscles. Name them.

A

External obliques, internal obliques, part of transversus abdominis

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27
Q

The rectus sheath contains the arcuate line. Describe what this line marks and how the fibers run above or below this line.

A

The arcuate line is located halfway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis and marks where the rectus sheath ends.
Above the arcuate line, the fibers of transversus pass posterior to rectus abdominis. External runs anterior. Internal splits and goes both ways.

Below arcuate line, the fibers all pass anterior to the rectus muscle. All there is behind muscle is the investing fascia of that muscle, transversalis fascia, and peritoneum.

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28
Q

The rectus sheath also includes the linea alba. What is this structure?

A

It is an interdigitation of all aponeurotic fibers in the midline.

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29
Q

Name the five arteries that provide the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall.

A

superior epigastric artery, deep inferior epigastric, T10 and T11 intercostals, musculophrenic arteries, subcostal artery

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30
Q

The superior epigastric artery is the end of the ________ and a branch of the _______. It enters the rectus sheath just below the _____ and stays in the posterior aspect of the muscle.

A

internal thoracic artery, subclavian artery, the ribs

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31
Q

When does the superior epigastric artery end?

A

It runs until it meets deep inferior epigastric artery

32
Q

Why are the superior and deep inferior epigastric arteries important?

A

They run within the sheath and provide collateral circulation to rectus muscle and abdominal wall

33
Q

Why is the internal thoracic artery frequently used in bypass surgery?

A

Because of collateral flow from rib cage and from below

34
Q

The deep inferior epigastric artery is a branch off the _______ and _________, the later of which anatomoses with the _____

A

external iliac artery, deep circumflex iliac, lumbar arteries

35
Q

From where do the lumbar arteries arise? Where do they travel?

A

Lumbar arteries come off abdominal aorta and travel in neurovascular bundles between the two deepest layers - they look like intercostal arteries but found below the ribs.

36
Q

The deep inferior epigastric artery makes up the ____ boundary of the inguinal triangle

A

lateral

37
Q

True/False: It is possible to tie off the deep inferior epigastric artery where it meets the superior epigastric and attach it to the one of the coronary arteries because of an anastomotic connection

A

True

38
Q

True/False: The blood supply in the rectus sheath is important clinically because it has an anastomotic connection between the blood supply of the internal mammary artery and blood from the iliacs

A

True

39
Q

Describe venous drainage of the abdominal wall.

A

Venous drainage is accompanied by rich anastomotic connections between veins accompanying the arteries (lots of collateral flow)

Fun facts-
Can have anterior abdominal wall blood go up to subclavian and SVC, or via intercostal veins which drain into azygos then SVC

40
Q

The only unpredictable vessel in the abdominal wall is the obliterated umbilical vein. Why?

A

It contains numerous paraumbilical vein tribuaries that connect with other vessels in the skin. It travels into the anterior abdominal wall, heads superiorly, and makes connections with portal venous system and hepatic veins of liver.

After birth, the umbilical vein closes off but can be recanalized if there is liver cirrhosis or portal HTN. If recanalized, tributaries open back, called caput medusa.

41
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

The falciform ligament is the ligament of peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall.

42
Q

What innervates the skin and muscle of the anterior abdominal wall?

A 
T6-T11 intercostal nerves
subcostal nerve (T12)
43
Q

What innervates the inferior aspect of the abdominal wall?

Why is this important?

A

L1 nerve via ilohypogastric and iloinguinal nerves [branches off the genitofemoral]

The ilioinguinal nerve is important because it innervates the anterior surface of labia and scrotum. Most of the cutaneous innervation to the genital area comes from the pudental nerve however. Therefore, need to anesthetize both for genital surgery.

44
Q

True/False: All nerves of the anterior abd wall run between the two deepest layers and give off lateral and anterior cutaneous branches on the way.

A

True

45
Q

What innervates the subxiphoid area of the anterior abd wall?

A

T6

46
Q

What innervates the umbilical area of the anterior abd wall?

A

T10

47
Q

What innervates the suprapubic area of the anterior abd wall?

A

T12-L1

L1 nerve via ilohypogastric and iloinguinal nerves [branches off the genitofemoral]

nerves run through inguinal canal and supply anterior wall of scrotum/labia majora

48
Q

The inguinal canal is formed by the descent of the _____ in males and the _______ in females

A

testes, round ligament of the uterus

49
Q

Where do the testes develop? Ovary?

A

Both develop in posterior abdominal wall then migrate.

Descent is controlled by the gubernaculum.

50
Q

When the testes descend, what layers do they drag with them? These layers later make up the coverings of the spermatic cord.

A

peritoneum, transversalis fascia, internal oblique, external oblique

51
Q

Describe the descent of the testes.

A

The testes sit within the transversalis layer.
The gubernaculum, attached to the testes, shortens and the testes travel down behind the peritoneal cavity.
They eventually leave the abdominal cavity and enter the scrotum.

In the process, some peritoneum is grabbed and pulled down. The tests get wrapped/invested in this sac and this termporary connection is then called the processus vaginalis.

Once the testicle is completely descended, the processus vaginalis deteriorates. The permanent coat of peritoneum that remains around the testicle is called the tunica vaginalis.

The remnant of the gubernaculum is a tiny bit that holds the testis to the sac.

52
Q

The testes drag the external oblique muscle down to form the _____

A

superficial ring

53
Q

The testes drag internal oblique muscle with them as they enter the _____

A

deep ring

54
Q

The spermatic cord starts _____ outside triangle and courses ____ to penetrate _____ to the triangle

A

laterally, medially, anterior

55
Q

Describe the descent of the ovary

A

The gubernaculum is attached to the labia majora.

As the fetus grows, the gubernaculum shortens and pulls the ovary down.

The ovary gets close to the uterus at some point, it bumps into the uterus and fuses.

The round ligament of the ovary therefore becomes the round ligament of the uterus.

In most females, the processus vaginalis is completely closed off which is why indirect inguinal hernias are rare.

56
Q

The inguinal triangle is defined by 3 borders. Describe.

A

The three borders are the:
medial border - rectus sheath
lateral border - inferior epigastric vessels
inferior border - inguinal ligament (poupart’s ligament)

RIP

57
Q

What determines the strength of the inguinal triangle?

A

the strength of the conjoint tendon

58
Q

What is the conjoint tendon?

A

the conjoint tendon consists of the aponeurotic fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
it arches across the triangle.

59
Q

Why is a conjoint tendon with a high arch more likely to develop a hernia?

A

creates a weak area because the superficial ring is anterior to the triangle.
The weak area would be medial to the deep ring.

60
Q

What is the difference between a direct and indirect hernia?

A

A direct hernia enters through a weakened area of the transversalis fascia within the inguinal triangle. It is not within the processus vaginalis. It exits via the superficial ring and does not enter the scrotum. The sac will be medial to inferior epigastric vessels.

An indirect hernia results from failure of embryonic closure of the deep ring after the testicle has passed through. It follows the course of the descent of the testes (within the processus vaginalis}. Therefore, it passes lateral to the inguinal triangle through the deep ring, into the superficial ring, and into the scrotum.

61
Q

What layers are typically found in a direct hernia? Indirect? Why?

A

The sac of an indirect hernia will be surrounded by all layers of the spermatic cord. It will always have fibers from the internal oblique.

A direct hernia is not likely to have fibers from the internal oblique or transversus because it does not pass through under the conjoint tendon.

62
Q

True/False: If a hernia protrudes from the superficial ring upon coughing, it is an indirect hernia

A

FALSE - cant tell difference between indirect and direct

63
Q

True/False: 95% of hernias in males are indirect

A

TRUE

64
Q

In women, only a thin ligamentous structure called the _________ protrudes from the superficial ring

A

round ligament of the uterus

65
Q

The round ligament of the uterus will ultimately fan out into the skin of the labia majora. What can be used as a market of this structure?

A

deep inferior epigastric artery

66
Q

What are the three folds of the internal wall of the abd cavity and how are they formed?

A

1) lateral umbilical fold = deep inferior epigastric vessels
2) medial umbilical fold = obliterated umbilical arteries
3) midline AKA median fold =obliterated urachus

67
Q

During the course of the testes through the abdominal wall, internal oblique gets pulled down creating the ____ and and the transversalis fascia gets pulled down creating the ______

A

cremaster muscle, internal spermatic fascia

68
Q

True/False: There is no Camper’s fascia in the scrotum because there is no fat

A

TRUE

69
Q

Name the 6 layers of the spermatic cord

A

Dartos, external spermadic fascia, cremaster muscle, internal spermadic fascia, tunica vaginalis (parietal), tunica vaginalis (visceral)

70
Q

The ______ surrounding the artery, vein, and lymphatics in the femoral area is called the femoral sheath

A

transversalis fascia

71
Q

True/False: The femoral nerve is found within the femoral sheath

A

FALSE

72
Q

The femoral canal is an empty space containing ______ which can enlarge slightly.

A

lymphatics

73
Q

If the femoral canal enlarges, there is potential for loops of bowel to enter and get trapped. Why are femoral hernias dangerous?

A

They can become strangulated due to three solid boundaries.

74
Q

There is an opening of the femoral canal in the abdominal cavity, above the pubic ramus. It is called the _____

A

femoral ring

75
Q

The femoral ring is a blind space that has a few lymphatics coming down into the femoral cavity. Each lymphatic is accompanied by a _____ and _____ and drags _____ into the thigh for a short distance which ultimately fuses with the _______ of the thigh

A

vein, artery, transversalis fascia, investing fascia

76
Q

The external iliac vein and artery, that are dragged down by the transversalis fascia change names to _____ once they cross the inguinal ligament

A

femoral

B3 (7 decks)

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