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Organ Systems Exam 4 > Siebecker Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Siebecker Lecture 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are pancreatic enzymes responsible for?

A

Breaking down big particles down into smaller particles.

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1
Q

Digestion occurs by enzymes from which 2 areas?

A
  • Pancreatic enzymes (& bile) in lumen

- Brush border enzymes on the membrane

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2
Q

What are brush border enzymes responsible for?

A

Breaking down small particles into single units

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3
Q

Digestion occurs through 2 main methods:

A

-Mechanically chewing
-Chemically through acids and enzymes
These break food down into the smallest particles.

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4
Q

Absorption occurs through ________. What is a possible consequence?

A

Transporters. Transporters can get overwhelmed/saturated and can become too small to accommodate food particles or the number of transporters can be reduced.

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5
Q

In pancreatic secretion, what do acinar cells secrete, duct cells?

A

Acinar cells: digestive enzymes

Duct cells: water and bicarb

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6
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct drain?

A

Enzymes, water, and bicarb into the small intestine

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7
Q

What do the Islets of Langerhans secrete?

A

hormones (insulin and glucagon) into the blood

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8
Q

What is the purpose of pancreatic secretion of water and bicarb?

A

Neutralize acid from the stomach

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9
Q

What stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, and what purpose does this serve?

A

Stimulated by Neuroendocrine System; digestion of food

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10
Q

What are the 3 Pancreatic Phases?

A

Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal

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11
Q

What happens during the Cephalic Phase?

A

Vagus nerve stimulates pancreatic secretion in response to conditions reflexes: Smell, Taste, Chewing, and Swallowing.

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12
Q

What happens during Gastric Phase?

A

Vagus nerve stimulates gastric distension.

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13
Q

What is the most important phase for the pancreas?

A

Intestinal Phase

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14
Q

What happens during Intestinal Phase?

A

Digestive products trigger release of hormones that control secretions.

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15
Q

Where is CCK released from?

A

It is released from the I cells by fat and protein (peptides/amino acids)

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16
Q

What is the purpose of CCK?

A

Stimulates enzyme and bile secretion for digestion.

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17
Q

Where is Secretin released from?

A

It is released from S cells by H+ (acid) and fat.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of Secretin?

A

Stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acid.

19
Q

What do saccharides need for absorption?

A

Brush border enzymes to be broken down into monosaccharides for absorption.

20
Q

Humans do not make enzymes that break down which 2 types of sugars?

A

Oligosaccharides and fiber. Only bacteria make enzymes that can break these bonds. Use of prebiotics (a-galactosidase) feed these bacteria.

21
Q

Which dietary carbs are digestible by humans?

A

Starch (amylose and amylopectin), Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk sugar), Trehalose (mushrooms, honey, shrimp, algea), Glucose (honey, fruit, vegetables), and Fructose (HFCS/agave/honey, fruit, vegetables).

22
Q

Most enzymes come from the brush border and act in the brush border, which one comes from the pancreas and acts in the duodenal lumen?

A

Amylase. Its substrate is starch and end products are dextrins, maltotriose, and maltose

23
Q

What are characteristics of the SGLT 1?

A

Transports glucose and galactose and uses active transport (requiring ATP/energy)

24
Q

What does GLUT 5 transport and by what means?

A

Fructose; through facilitated diffusion (easily saturated)

25
Q

What does GLUT 2 transport?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

26
Q

What is the purpose of GLUT 2 transport?

A

It is the backup transporter for fructose when GLUT 5 is overwhelmed. It transports out enterocytes into the blood through facilitated diffusion.

27
Q

What is a consequence of disaccharides or larger carbohydrates remaining in the small or large intestines?

A

They can not be digested or absorbed, so they become food for the resident bacteria which can result in carbohydrate malabsorption.

28
Q

What are consequences of carbohydrate malabsorption?

A

Carbohydrates get fermented by bacteria which creates gas and the carbohydrates sitting in the intestine will have an osmotic effect drawing H2O. Gas + H2O will trigger: bloating, constipation/diarrhea, pain, nausea, flatulence, belching, GERD and fatigue.

29
Q

What are the 3 types of gas produced by bacteria?

A

Hydrogen, Methane, and Hydrogen Sulfide

30
Q

Which lactose malabsorption is genetic and which is a result of damage?

A

Primary - Congenital (rare): Genetic (born without lactase)

Secondary - Acquired (common): Damage (loss of lactase after weaning)

31
Q

What are the 2 phases of small intestine protein digestion?

A

Pancreatic enzymes in lumen of small intestine

Brush border enzymes

32
Q

What are the 5 pancreatic enzymes and what do they do?

A

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase: breakdown protein into polypeptides (2-6 amino acids long)
Carboxypeptidase A & B: breakdown polypeptides into amino acids

33
Q

What is the brush border enzyme and what does it do?

A

Aminopeptidases: breaks peptides (2-3 long) into amino acids

34
Q

Why can peptides able to be absorbed?

A

They are digested into amino acids inside the enterocyte.

35
Q

What activates Trypsin?

A

Enteropeptidase/Enterokinase (from the brush border) released by the detergent action of bile (fat helps protein digestion)

36
Q

What does Trypsin activate?

A

It activates chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase A & B. (It does NOT activate aminopeptidase).

37
Q

What is the transporter of peptides? And what gets absorbed?

A

PEPT1; amino acids, di & tri peptides (unlike di & tri saccharides), this is due to the presence of peptidases within the enterocytes.

38
Q

What is the gate function within the tight junctions?

A

It regulates passage of micro & macro molecules through the paracellular space between cells.

39
Q

What is the fence function within the tight junctions?

A

It keeps microbiotia and large substances out, for our protection.

40
Q

What is the consequence of increased intestinal permeability?

A

Prolonged/Constant opening of tight junctions allow unintended items through (paracellularly). Absorption of unintended items can also occur through the cell itself (transcellular) - think bacteria via lipid rafts.

41
Q

What does intestinal permeability cause?

A

It causes systemic symptoms and is a main cause of food reactions.

42
Q

How is it possible to have increased intestinal permeability without GI symptoms?

A

There are many other causes of intestinal permeability that do not involve GI damage and opening of tight junctions. (i.e. hormonal disregulation and traumatic brain injury)

43
Q

What are the consequences of stress on digestion?

A

Stress inhibits digestion by lowering HCl, bicarbonate, bile, and enzymes and increasing intestinal permeability.

47
Q

CCK and Secretin release are what type of process?

A

Parasympathetic processes

48
Q

Stress (sympathetic) will ________ secretion.

A

Inhibit

Organ Systems Exam 4 (4 decks)

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