Liver 2 SSL

Question 0

What is the first step in the sequence of fat digestion?

Answer 0

Lipases hydrolyze triglycerides into free fatty acid

Question 1

For what 3 things is bile necessary?

Answer 1

• Digestion of lipids
• Absorption of lipids
• Elimination of endogenous and exogenous substances

Question 2

After hydrolyzation of TAG to FFA, where are digested fats transported and what types of cell does the transport?

Answer 2

Enterocytes; biliary micelles

Question 3

Once inside the enterocytes, what are the FFA reconverted to?

Answer 3

triglycerides

Question 4

Once the FFA is reconverted to triglycerides, what happens to them next?

Answer 4

Converted to chylomicrons

Question 5

Where to chylomicrons go once they are formed? Where do they end up?

Answer 5

The lymph system; circulation

Question 6

Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides to glycerides and fatty acids (at optimal pH 8)?

Answer 6

Pancreatic lipases

Question 7

Which enzyme hydrolyzes phospholipids?

Answer 7

Phospholipase A2

Question 8

Which enzyme hydrolyzes cholesterol?

Answer 8

Cholesterol esterase

Question 9

What makes up the lipophilic center of a micelle structure that emulsifies fats into a form digestible by lipases?

Answer 9

Bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Question 10

Where are bile acids synthesized?

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

The micelle is conjugated in the liver to _______ and _________ to form bile salts. (Think amino acids)

Answer 11

taurine and glycine

Question 12

Where are micelles deconjugated? What is formed?

Answer 12

intestines; bile acids

Question 13

Phospholipids (especially lecithin) align with ______ ______.

Answer 13

Bile acids

Question 14

What is solubilized by micelles?

Answer 14

Cholesterol

Question 15

Micelles transport and facilitate absorption of __________ and ______ ______ through mucosa.

Answer 15

glycerides; fatty acids

Question 16

What can pass through unstirred aqueous layers to reach enterocyte membranes?

Answer 16

Long chain fatty acids

Question 17

Micelles transport lipid digestants to which cell? How do they enter?

Answer 17

enterocytes; diffusion

Question 18

Fatty acids and glycerides are re-synthesized into ________.

Answer 18

triglycerides

Question 19

What form is cholesterol absorbed and processed?

Answer 19

free form

Question 20

Bile acids and salts are recycled back to the _________.

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

Where does the most reabsorption take place and through what means?

Answer 21

ileum; active transport

Question 22

Bile acids and salts are returned to the liver and reconjugated to what two amino acids?

Answer 22

taurine and glycine

Question 23

What do chylomicrons transport into circulation?

Answer 23

Exogenous long chain fatty acids

Question 24

Chylomicrons are formed from what three things?

Answer 24

triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids

Question 25

Before chylomicrons are transported to the thoracic duct they are transported to what structure?

Answer 25

lacteals

Question 26

Short/medium chain fatty acids are NOT converted to TAG, where are they transported to instead?

Answer 26

Directly into the portal venous system

Question 27

Where is bilirubin derived from?

Answer 27

hemoglobin

Question 28

Bilirubin is converted by colonic bacteria to what substance?

Answer 28

urobilinogen

Question 29

What are 2 fates of urobilinogen?

Answer 29

1. ) converted to stercobilin (gives feces its brown color) | 2. ) excreted in urine (gives urine its yellow color)

Question 30

What is jaundice?

Answer 30

Excess bilirubin

Question 31

What are 3 causes of excess bilirubin?

Answer 31

- increased hemolysis - liver damage - bile duct obstruction