Shoulder Region

Question 1

Classification of Sternoclavicular Joint

Answer 1

Synovial Saddle Joint (biaxial diarthrosis)

Question 2

Movements involved in Sternoclavicular joint

Answer 2

Elevation/ Depression & Protraction/ Retraction

Question 3

Ligaments that reinforce the sternoclavicular joint (Passive stabilisers)

Answer 3

Anterior sternoclavicular, Posterior sternoclavicular, interclavicular and costoclavicular ligament

Question 4

What movement does the Anterior sternoclavicular ligament resist?

Answer 4

Retraction

Question 5

What movement does the Posterior sternoclavicular ligament resist?

Answer 5

Protraction

Question 6

What movement does the interclavicular ligament resist?

Answer 6

Depression of clavicle

Question 7

What movement does the costoclavicular ligament resist?

Answer 7

All motions except depression of clavicle (due to the superior direction of the fibers)

Question 8

What are the active stabilisers of the Sternoclavicular Joint

Answer 8

Sternocleidomastoid, Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid and Subclavius

Question 9

What is the Classification of Acromioclavicular Joint

Answer 9

Synovial Plane Joint

Question 10

Ligaments that reinforce the acromioclavicular joint (Passive stabilisers)

Answer 10

Acromioclavicular ligament Coracoclavicular Ligament that consists of Trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament

Question 11

What movement does Acromioclavicular ligament resist?

Answer 11

Gliding of clavicle on acromion

Question 12

What is the function of the Coracoclavicular ligament?

Answer 12

Suspending scapula from clavicle

Question 13

Active stabilisers of the acromioclavicular joint

Answer 13

Deltoid, Upper trapezius

Question 14

What structures provide stability in the Glenohumeral Joint

Answer 14

Rotator cuff muscles, Extracapsular ligaments, tendon of biceps brachii (long head)

Question 15

What is the function of the glenoid labrum

Answer 15

Increase depth of glenoid fossa and increases articular contact area

Question 16

Which tendon attaches to supraglenoid tubercle and superior aspect of the labrum?

Answer 16

Biceps brachii long head

Question 17

What is a possible consequence of the position of the tendon of biceps brachii long head?

Answer 17

Position of tendon resists superior migration of humeral head which is important in abduction

Question 18

Extracapsular ligaments in the Glenohumeral Joint

Answer 18

Coracohumeral ligament, Superior middle and inferior glenohumeral ligament, transverse humeral ligament

Question 19

What movement does the coracohumeral ligament resist?

Answer 19

Superior/Inferior translation during External Rotation of arm

Question 20

What movement does the superior glenohumeral ligament resist?

Answer 20

Adduction, Inferior and anterior-posterior translation of the humeral head

Question 21

What movement does the middle glenohumeral ligament resist?

Answer 21

Anterior translation of GH joint, external rotation

Question 22

What movement does the inferior glenohumeral ligament resist?

Answer 22

External Rotation by Anterior band

Internal rotation by Posterior band

Anterior translation of humeral head

Question 23

What is the function of the loose axillary pouch between the anterior and posterior bands?

Answer 23

The axillary pouch acts as a sling and supports the suspended humeral head, providing a cradling effect that resists inferior and anterior-posterior translations

Question 24

What ligaments provide main resistance to inferior translation of humerus in adduction?

Answer 24

Coracohumeral ligament and superior glenohumeral ligament

Question 25

What forms the coracoacromial Arch?

Answer 25

Coracoacromial ligament and acromion process of scapula

Question 26

What does the subacromial space contain?

Answer 26

Supraspinatus muscle, subacromial bursa, long head of biceps brachii, part of superior capsule

Question 27

Boundaries of the Quadrangular Space

Answer 27

Humerus, Teres Minor, Teres Major, Biceps brachii (Long head)

Question 28

What nerve may be impinged in the quadrangular space?

Answer 28

Axillary Nerve

Question 29

What are the possible causes of impingement?

Answer 29

Fracture of surgical neck of humerus and dislocation of glenohumeral joint

Question 30

What happens during arm elevation?

Answer 30

Clavicle- Upward rotation Scapula- Upward rotation, external rotation, Posterior tilt -- Coracoid process moves away from conoid ligament, tightening the ligament, pulling conoid tubercle inferiorly, causing upward rotation of clavicle Humerus- Abduction