Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 3160 > shoulder and elbow injuries > Flashcards

shoulder and elbow injuries Flashcards

1
Q

why is the shoulder prone to injury?

A

because of its excessive movement in multiple directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the only bony connection from the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton?

A

the sternoclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 3 prevention strategies that lessen the risk of shoulder/elbow injuries?

A

1) strength and conditioning
- strengthening
- flexibility
- proper dynamic warm ups
2) use proper technique
- training - how to fall (FOOSH)
- training - how to take/give a hit
3) protective equipment
- pads: shoulder/elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the three types of humeral fractures?

A

1) humeral shaft
2) proximal humerus
3) epiphyseal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

humeral shaft fracture MOI

A

direct blow or FOOSH

  • communicate or transverse fracture
  • deformity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a possible complication of a humeral shaft fracture?

A

radial nerve paralysis - wrist drop and inability to supinate forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proximal humerus fracture - MOI

A

direct blow, FOOSH, or GH dislocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the proximal humerus fractured most of the time?

A

at the surgical neck

-can also involed tubercles or anatomical neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a possible complication of a proximal humerus fracture?

A

danger to nerve and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epiphyseal fracture of the humerus is most frequent in which population

A

individuals under 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

epiphyseal fracture of the humerus - MOI

A

direct or indirect blow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S&S of epiphyseal fracture of the humerus

A

shortening of arm, disability, swelling, point tender, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

management of humeral fractures

A
  • splint, sling, and swathe
  • treat for shock
  • refer to physician (xray diagnosis)
  • immobilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most frequent fracture in sports?

A

clavicle fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most fractures occur in the ____ third of the clavicle

A

middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MOI - clavicle fracture

A

FOOSH, fall on tip of shoulder or direct impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S&S of clavicle fracture

A
  • patient supporting arm with head tilting towards injured side
  • upward displacement of the medial clavicular segment (pull of the SCM)
  • pain and deformity on palpation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

management of clavicle fracture

A
  • sling and swathe
  • monitor distal MSC (clavicle fracture is an urgent situation if MSC not present)
  • treat for shock
  • refer to hospital
  • immobilized in figure 8 splint for 6-8 weeks or operative management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

glenohumeral dislocation is an extremely common injury and is recurrent ___% of the time

A

85-90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the majority of glenohumeral dislocations are ______ (direction)

A

anterior/inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MOI - glenohumeral dislocation

A

impact to the posterior/posterolateral shoulder

-forced abduction, external rotation and extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S&S of glenohumeral dislocation

A
  • flattened deltoid
  • head of humerus palpable in axilla
  • carries affected arm in slight abduction and external rotation (one test: try to get person to touch their other shoulder)
  • unable to touch opposite shoulder
  • moderate pain and disability

extensive soft tissue damage with dislocation

  • torn capsule and ligaments
  • possible tendinous avulsion of rotator cuff or long head of biceps
  • possible injury to brachial plexus
  • profuse hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are 3 common lesions associated with glenohumeral dislocation

A

1) Bankart lesion
2) Hill-Sachs lesion
3) SLAP lesion (superios labrum anterior/posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bankart lesion

A

tear of the anterior (inferior) glenoid labrum

-bony bankart include fracture to the anterior (inferior) glenoid cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hill Sachs lesion

A
  • defect on the posterior lateral aspect of the humeral head

- engaging and non-engaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

SLAP lesion

A
  • tear of superior aspect of the labrum that start posteriorly and extends anteriorly
  • affects attachment of LH biceps
28
Q

management of glenohumeral dislocation

A
  • sling with padding under arm
  • ice to control hemorrhage
  • immediate referral to physician
  • 1st time: xray required prior to reduction to rule out fracture
  • recurrent: physician may attempt to relocate on field
  • immobilization for 3 weeks
  • can perform isometric exercises for rotators
  • muscle reconditioning following immobilization (stabilize joint) (strength in abduction position)
29
Q

biceps brachii tenosynovitis is common in which population?

A

individuals engaged in overhead activities

30
Q

biceps brachii tenosynovitis - def

A

irritation of tendon and synovial sheath as it passes under transverse humeral ligament in the bicipital groove
-constant inflammation may result in degenerative scarring (tendinosis) or rupture of ligament (subluxation)

31
Q

S&S of biceps brachii tenosynovitis

A
  • tenderness over bicipital groove
  • swelling, warmth, and crepitus
  • pain with overhead dynamic throwing activities
32
Q

management of biceps brachii tenosynovitis

A
  • complete rest
  • ice and or ultrasound to address inflammation
  • gradual progress of stretching and strengthening
33
Q

shoulder impingement - def

A

compression of the supraspinatus tendon, subacromial bursa, and LH of biceps under the coraco-acromnial arch

  • due to repetitive overhead activities or failure of RC muscles to maintain position of humeral head
  • often leads to irritation and inflammation (can lead to rupture of the supraspinatus or biceps tendons)
34
Q

which muscle is often associated in a rotator cuff tear?

A
  • most often supraspinatus, due to trauma or impingement

- almost always at insertion on the greater tubercle

35
Q

full thickness rotator cuff tears are twice as likely as partial thickness tears

true or false?

A

false, vice versa

36
Q

who is most prone to a full thickness rotator cuff tear?

A

chronic shoulder injury individuals over 40 YOA

37
Q

shoulder impingement - cause

A
  • poor posture, forward head, rounded shoulders, and increased kyphotic curve
  • hook shaped acromion process (intrinsic factor)
38
Q

S&S of shoulder impingement

A
  • diffuse pain around acromion
  • stiffness
  • pain on palpation of subacromial space
  • ROM and strength or RC muscle affected
  • increased GH external rotation (ERG)
  • decreased GH internal rotation (GIRD)
  • external rotators weaker than internal rotators
39
Q

what are two special tests for shoulder impingement

A
  • Neer and Hawkins-Kennedy
  • supraspinatus tear - empty can

painful arc at 80-120 abduction

40
Q

management of shoulder impingement

A
  • POLICE to reduce inflammation
  • restore normal biomechanics
  • strengthen RC muscles
  • core exercises
  • GH joint mobilizations

surgical intervention:
-subacromial decomposition (shaving acromion process)

41
Q

adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) - def

A

contracted and thickened joint capsule with little synovial fluid

  • cause unclear
  • typically older individuals
  • rotator cuff muscles also contracted and inelastic
42
Q

S&S of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

A
  • pain in all directions of shoulder movement

- extremely limited AROM and PROM of all GH motions

43
Q

management of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

A
  • aggressive stretching and joint mobilization

- pain relief with electrical modalities

44
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome

A

compression of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, and subclavian vein (neurovascular bundle) in the neck and shoulder

45
Q

the compression in thoracic outlet syndrome is due to which 4 things?

A

1) narrow space between 1st rib and clavicle
2) between anterior and middle scalenes
3) pectoralis minor muscles as bundle passes under coracoid process
4) presence of additional cervical rib

46
Q

S&S of thoracic outlet syndrome

A
  • paresthesia and pain
  • sensation of cold
  • impaired circulation in fingers
  • muscle weakness and or atrophy
  • radial nerve palsy
47
Q

what are 4 special tests for thoracic outlet syndrome

A

1) Adson’s test
2) Military brace
3) Roo’s test
4) Allen test

48
Q

management of thoracic outlet syndrome

A
  • stretch pectoralis minor and scalene muscles
  • strengthen trapezius, rhomboids, serratus anterior, and erector spinae
  • if conservative treatment fails, may need to surgucally release anterior scalene or remove 1st rib
49
Q

ulnar collateral ligament sprain - MOI

A
  • result of repetitive valgus loading on elbow (late cocking and early acceleration phase of throwing; forehand tennis stroke; trailing arm during improper golf swing)
  • mechanics may also result in ulnar nerve inflammation or tendinosis of wrist flexor tendons (medial epicondylitis)
50
Q

S&S of UCL sprain

A
  • pain along medial elbow
  • tenderness on UCL distal insertion
  • valgus stress test positive (pain and laxity)
51
Q

management of UCL sprain

A

conservative:

  • rest and NSAIDs
  • strengthening
  • correct faulty mechanics

operative:

  • common among high level pitchers “Tommy John Surgery”
  • palmaris longus autograft and possible transposition of ulnar nerve
  • recovery takes about 18-24 months
52
Q

medial epicondylitis “golfer’s elbow” - def

A

degenerative changes in the tendons that originate from the medial epicondyle (wrist flexors)
-in young athletes, growth plate involvement = “little league elbow”

53
Q

MOI - medial epicondylitis

A
  • repetitive valgus forces during acceleration phase of throw/swing
  • repetitive overuse of wrist flexor muscles
  • golfers using too much wrist flexion in trailing arm
  • baseball pitchers throwing curveball or screwball
  • forehand stroke in racket sports
  • throwing a javelin
54
Q

S&S of medial epicondylitis

A
  • pain on medial epicondyle, esp with wrist flexion and pronation
  • pain radiating down forearm (ulnar nerve)
  • point tender on palpation
  • mild swelling
55
Q

management of medial epicondylitis

A
  • POLICE
  • brace - chopat or golfer’s elbow strap
  • referral to physician - meds, NSAIDs, or pain relievers
  • therapy - modalities, friction massage, stretching and strengthening extensors
56
Q

what are the four factors that usually contribute to cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

1) traction injury due to valgus torque
2) irregularities within the cubital tunnel
3) subluxation due to ligament laxity
4) progressive compression due to the ligament

57
Q

S&S of cubital tunnel syndrome

A
  • pain on medial aspect of elbow - may radiate proximally or distally
  • tenderness on palpation of cubital tunnel
  • intermittent paresthesia, burning, and tingling in 4th and 5th digits
58
Q

management of cubital tunnel syndrome

A
  • conservative: rest and immobilization (avoid hyperflexion and valgus stresses, NSAIDs)
  • surgical decompression or transposition of ulnar nerve (move nerve medially)
59
Q

olecranon bursitis - MOI

A
  • acute: direct blow or fall on elbow
  • chronic: constant leaning on elbow or repetitive friction
  • differential diagnosis: infection, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout
60
Q

S&S of olecranon bursitis

A
  • pain, severe swelling, and point tenderness

- occasionally swelling without pain or heat

61
Q

management of olecranon bursitis

A
  • POLICE - primarily with compression

- aspiration may be required if swelling persists

62
Q

elbow dislocation - MOI

A
  • FOOSH with elbow hyperextended
  • severe twist while elbow flexed
  • most commonly ulna and radius forced backward (posterior dislocation) - olecranon extends posteriorly while medial and lateral epicondyles are aligned
63
Q

S&S of elbow dislocation

A
  • obvious deformity
  • profuse hemorrhage and swelling
  • severe pain and disability
  • complications include UCL sprain, radial head fracture, injury to median and radial nerves and arteries
64
Q

elbow dislocation management

A
  • POLICE
  • splint and sling for immediate referral to physician
  • joint reduction
  • immobilized in flexion
  • perform gentle hand gripping and shoulder exercises, while maintaining flexion immobilization

-aggressive ROM or exercises prior to initial healing = high probability of myositis ossificans

65
Q

elbow dislocation: Nursemaid elbow

A
  • common in preschool-aged children
  • MOI: pull along longitudinal axis of forearm - swinging or picking up child from wrist
  • due to laxity in annular ligament
66
Q

S&S of Nursemaid elbow

A
  • pain moving elbow
  • child will hold arm still at side
  • refuse to bend the elbow or use the arm
67
Q

management of nursemaid elbow

A

reduction by physician

KIN 3160 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions