Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

Shoulder dislocation investigations

A
  • anterior dislocation X-rays: AP, trans-scapular, axillary views
  • posterior dislocation X-rays: AP, trans-scapular, axillary; or CT scan
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2
Q

What joints make up the shoulder

A

glenohumeral,

AC,

sternoclavicular (SC),

scapulothoracic

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3
Q

Anterior shoulder dislocation mechanism

A

Abducted arm is externally rotated/hyperextended, or blow to posterior shoulder

Involuntary, usually traumatic; voluntary, atraumatic

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4
Q

Anterior shoulder dislocation clinical features

A

Pain, arm slightly abducted and externally rotated with inability to internally rotate

“Squared off” shoulder

Positive apprehension test: patient looks apprehensive with gentle shoulder abduction and external rotation to 90º as humeral head is pushed anteriorly and recreates feeling of anterior dislocation

Positive relocation test: a posteriorly directed force applied during the apprehension test relieves apprehension since anterior subluxation is prevented

Positive sulcus sign: presence of subacromial indentation with distal traction on humerus indicates inferior shoulder instability

Axillary nerve: sensory patch over deltoid and deltoid contraction

Musculocutaneous nerve: sensory patch on lateral forearm and biceps contraction

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5
Q

Anterior shoulder dislocation radiographic findings

A

Axillary View -Humeral head is anterior

Trans-scapular ‘Y’ View -
Humeral head is anterior to the centre of the “Mercedes-Benz”sign

AP View - Sub coracoid lie of the humeral head is most common

Hill-Sachs and Bony Bankart Lesions -
± Hill-Sachs lesion: compression fracture of posterior humeral head due to forceful impaction of an anteriorly dislocated humeral head against the glenoid rim
± bony Bankart lesion: avulsion of the anterior glenoid labrum (with attached bone fragments) from the glenoid rim

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6
Q

Anterior shoulder dislocation treatment

A

Closed reduction with IV sedation and muscle relaxation

Traction-countertraction: assistant stabilizes torso with a folded sheet wrapped across the chest while the surgeon applies gentle steady traction

Stimson: while patient lies prone with arm hanging over table edge, hang a 5 lb weight on wrist for 15-20 min

Hippocratic method: place heel into patient’s axilla and apply traction to arm

Cunningham’s method: low risk, low pain; if not successful try above methods

Obtain post-reduction x-rays

Check post-reduction NVS

Sling x 3 wk (avoid abduction and external rotation), followed by shoulder rehabilitation (dynamic stabilizer strengthening)

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7
Q

Posterior shoulder dislocation mechanism

A

Adducted, internally rotated, flexed arm

FOOSH

3 Es (epileptic seizure, EtOH, electrocution)

Blow to anterior shoulder

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8
Q

Posterior shoulder dislocation clinical features

A

Pain, arm is held in adduction and internal rotation; external rotation is blocked

Anterior shoulder flattening, prominent coracoid, palpable mass posterior to shoulder

Positive posterior apprehension (“jerk”) test: with patient supine flex elbow 90° and adduct, internally rotate the arm while applying a posterior force to the shoulder; patient will “jerk” back with the sensation of subluxation

Note: the posterior apprehension test is used to test for recurrent posterior instability, NOT for acute injury

Full NV exam as per anterior shoulder dislocation

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9
Q

Posterior shoulder dislocation radiographic findings

A

Axillary view - Humeral head is posterior

Trans-scapular ‘Y’ View - Humeral head is posterior to centre of “Mercedes-Benz” sign

AP view - Partial vacancy of glenoid fossa (vacant glenoid sign) and >6 mm space between anterior glenoid rim and humeral head (positive rim sign), humeral head may resemble a lightbulb due to internal rotation (lightbulb sign)

± reverse Hill-Sachs lesion (75% of cases): divot in anterior humeral head

± reverse bony Bankart lesion: avulsion of the posterior glenoid labrum from the bony glenoid rim

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10
Q

Posterior shoulder dislocation treatment

A

Closed reduction with sedation and muscle relaxation

Inferior traction on a flexed elbow with pressure on the back of the humeral head

Obtain post-reduction x-rays

Check post reduction NVS

Sling in abduction and external rotation x 3 wk, followed by shoulder rehabilitation (dynamic stabilizer strengthening)

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11
Q

Shoulder disloccation prognosis

A

• recurrence rate depends on age of first dislocation
• <20 yr = 65-95%;
20 40 yr = 60-70%;
>40 yr = 2-4%

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12
Q

Shoulder dislocation specific complications

A
  • rotator cuff or capsular or labral tear (Bankart/SLAP lesion), shoulder stiffness
  • injury to axillary nerve/artery, brachial plexus
  • recurrent/unreduced dislocation (most common complication)
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13
Q

Shoulder passive ROM

A

Abduction 180o

Adduction 45o

Flexion 180o

Extension 45o

Internal rotation - level of T4

External rotation 40-45o

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14
Q

Factors causing shoulder instability

A
  • Shallow glenoid
  • Loose capsule
  • Ligamentous laxity
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15
Q

Frequency of dislocation types

A
  • Anterior shoulder > Posterior shoulder
  • Posterior hip > Anterior hip The glenohumeral joint is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body since stability is sacrificed for motion
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16
Q

Supraspinatus muscle attachments, nerve supply and function

A

Attachment
proximal - scapula
distal - greater tuberosity of humerus

Nerve supply - suprascapular nerve

Function - abduction

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17
Q

Infraspinatus muscle attachments, nerve supply and function

A

Attachment
proximal - scapula
distal - greater tuberosity of humerus

Nerve supply - suprascapular nerve

Function - external rotation

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18
Q

Teres minor muscle attachments, nerve supply and function

A

Attachment
proximal - scapula
distal - greater tuberosity of humerus

Nerve supply - axillary nerve

Function - external rotation

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19
Q

Subscapularis muscle attachments, nerve supply and function

A

Attachment
proximal - scapula
distal - lesser tuberosity of humerus

Nerve supply - subscapular nerve

Function - internal rotation and adduction

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20
Q

Spectrum of rotator cuff disease

A

Impingement

Tendonitis

Micro or macro tears

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21
Q

Rotator cuff disease etiology

A

• anything that leads to a narrow subacromial space

• most commonly, a relative imbalance of rotator cuff and larger shoulder muscles, allowing for superior translation and subsequent wear of the rotator cuff muscle tendons
■ glenohumeral muscle weakness leading to abnormal motion of humeral head
■ scapular muscle weakness leading to abnormal motion of acromion

• acromial abnormalities, such as congenital narrow space or osteophyte formation or Type III acromion morphology

  1. outlet/subacromial impingement: “painful arc syndrome”, compression of rotator cuff tendons (primarily supraspinatus) and subacromial bursa between the head of the humerus and the undersurface of acromion, AC joint, and CA ligament
  2. bursitis and tendonitis
  3. rotator cuff thinning and tear if left untreated
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22
Q

Rotator cuff disease clinical features

A
  • insidious onset, but may present as an acute exacerbation of chronic disease, night pain, and difficulty sleeping on affected side
  • pain worse with active motion (especially overhead); passive movement generally permitted
  • weakness and loss of ROM, especially between 90°-130° (e.g. trouble with overhead activities)
  • tenderness to palpation over greater tuberosity

• rule out
bicep tendinosis: Speed test;
SLAP lesion: O’Brien’s test

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23
Q

Rotator cuff disease investigations

A
  • X-ray: AP view may show high riding humerus relative to glenoid, indicating large tear, evidence of chronic tendonitis
  • MRI: coronal/sagittal, oblique and axial orientations are useful for assessing full/partial tears and tendinopathy ± arthrogram: geyser sign (injected dye leaks out of joint through rotator cuff tear)
  • arthrogram: can assess full thickness tears, difficult to assess partial tears
24
Q

Rotator cuff disease treatment

A

• non-operative
■ for mild (“wear”) or moderate (“tear”) cases
■ physiotherapy, NSAIDs ± steroid injection

• operative
■ indication: severe (“repair”)
■ impingement that is refractory to 2-3 mo physiotherapy and 1-2 corticosteroid injections
■ arthroscopic or open surgical repair (i.e acromioplasty, rotator cuff repair)

25
Q

Screening out rotator cuff tears - questions for the bedside

A
  • No night pan (SN 87.7%)
  • No painful arc (SN 97.5%)
  • No impingement signs (SN 97.2%)
  • No weakness
26
Q

Ruling in Rotator Cuff Tears – 98% probability of rotator cuff tear if all 3 of the following are present:

A
  • Supraspinatus weakness
  • External rotation weakness
  • Positive impingement sign(s)
27
Q

Jobe’s test examination and positive test

A

Supraspinatus: place the shoulder in 90° of abduction and 30° of forward flexion and internally rotate the arm so that the thumb is pointing toward the floor

Weakness with active resistance suggests a supraspinatus tear

28
Q

Lift- off test

A

Subscapularis: internally rotate arm so dorsal surface of hand rests on lower back; patient instructed to actively lift hand away from back against examiner resistance (use Belly Press Test if too painful)

Inability to actively lift hand away from back suggests a subscapularis tear

29
Q

Posterior Cuff Test

A

Infraspinatus and teres minor: arm positioned at patient’s side in 90° of flexion; patient instructed to externally rotate arm against the resistance of the examiner

Weakness with active resistance suggests posterior cuff tear

30
Q

Neers Test

A

Rotator cuff impingement: passive shoulder flexion

Pain elicited between 130-170° suggests impingement

31
Q

Hawkins-Kennedy Test

A

Rotator cuff impingement: shoulder flexion to 90° and passive internal rotation

Pain with internal rotation suggests impingement

32
Q

Painful arc test

A

Rotator cuff tendinopathy: patient instructed to actively abduct the shoulder

Pain with abduction >90° suggests tendinopathy

33
Q

Speed’s Test

A

Apply resistance to the forearm when the arm is in forwa d flexion with the elbows fully extended

Pain in the bicipital groove

34
Q

O’Brien’s Test

A

SLAP lesion: forward flexion of the arm to 90 degrees while keeping the arm extended. Arm is adducted 10-15 degrees. Internally rotate the arm so thumb is facing down and apply a downward force. Repeat the test with arm externally rotated

Pain or clicking in the glenohumoral joint in internal rotation but not external rotation

35
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint pathology

A

subluxation or dislocation of AC joint

36
Q

which ligaments attach clavicle to scapula

A

AC

CC

37
Q

AC joint pathology mechanism

A

• fall onto shoulder with adducted arm or direct trauma to point of shoulder

38
Q

AC joint pathology clinical features

A
  • pain with adduction of shoulder and/or palpation over AC joint
  • palpate step deformity between distal clavicle and acromion (with dislocation)
  • limited ROM
39
Q

AC joint pathology investigations ;

A

X-rays: bilateral AP, Zanca view (10-15° cephalic tilt), axillary

40
Q

AC joint pathology treatment

A

• non-operative
■ sling 1-3 wk, ice, analgesia, early ROM and rehabilitation

• operative
■ indication: Rockwood Class IV-VI (III if labourer or high level athlete)
■ number of different approaches involving AC/CC ligament reconstruction or screw/hook plate insertion

41
Q

AC joint pathology potential complications

A

pneumothorax or pulmonary contusion

42
Q

Rockwood classification of AC joint separation and management of each

A

Grade 1
Joint sprain, absence of complete tear of either ligament
Non-operative

Grade II
Complete tear of AC ligament, incomplete tear of CC ligament, without marked elevation of lateral clavicular head
Non-op

Grade III
Complete tear of AC and CC ligaments, >5 mm elevation at AC joint, superior aspect of acromion is below the inferior aspect of the clavicle
Most non-operative, operative if labourer or high level athlete
Will heal with step deformity, although most fully functional in 4-6 mo

IV-VI
Based on the anatomical structure the displaced clavicle is in proximity to
Operative in most cases

43
Q

Clavicle fracture incidence of types

A

proximal (5%), middle (80%), or distal (15%) third of clavicle

44
Q

Clavicle fracture common population

A

children - unites rapidly without complications

45
Q

Clavicle fracture mechanism

A

fall on shoulder (87%), direct trauma to clavicle (7%), FOOSH (6%)

46
Q

Clavicle fracture clinical features

A
  • pain and tenting of skin

* arm is clasped to chest to splint shoulder and prevent movement

47
Q

Clavicle fracture investigations

A
  • evaluate NVS of entire upper limb
  • X-ray: AP, 45° cephalic tilt (superior/inferior displacement), 45° caudal tilt (AP displacement)

CT: useful for medial physeal fractures and sternoclavicular injury

48
Q

Clavicle fracture treatment

A

• medial and middle-third clavicle fractures
■ simple sling x 1-2 wk
■ early ROM and strengthening once pain subsides
■ if fracture is shortened >2 cm, consider ORIF

• distal-third clavicle fractures
■ undisplaced (with ligaments intact): sling x 1-2 wk
■ displaced (CC ligament injury): ORIF

49
Q

Clavicle fracture specific complications /associated injuries

A
  • cosmetic bump usually only complication
  • shoulder stiffness, weakness with repetitive activity
  • Up to 9% of clavicle fractures are associated with other fractures (most commonly rib fractures)
  • Majority of brachial plexus injuries are associated with proximal third fractures
  • pneumothorax, brachial plexus injuries, and subclavian vessel (all very rare)
50
Q

Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) definition

A

disorder characterized by progressive pain and stiffness of the shoulder, usually resolving spontaneously after 18 mo

51
Q

Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) conditions associated with increased incidence

A
  • Prolonged immobilization (most significant)
  • Female gender
  • Age >49 yr
  • DM (5x)
  • Cervical disc disease
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Stroke
  • MI
  • Trauma and surgery
  • Autoimmune disease
52
Q

Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) mechanism

A

• primary adhesive capsulitis
■ idiopathic, usually associated with DM
■ usually resolves spontaneously in 9-18 mo

• secondary adhesive capsulitis  
■ due to prolonged immobilization  
■ shoulder-hand syndrome: CRPS/RSD characterized by arm and shoulder pain, decreased motion, and diffuse swelling 
■ following MI, stroke, shoulder trauma 
■ poorer outcomes
53
Q

Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) clinical features

A

• gradual onset (weeks to months) of diffuse shoulder pain with:
■ decreased active AND passive ROM
■ pain worse at night and often prevents sleeping on affected side
■ increased stiffness as pain subsides: continues for 6-12 mo after pain has disappeared

54
Q

Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) investigations

A

X-ray: AP (neutral, internal/external rotation), scapular Y, axillary

■ may be normal, or may show demineralization from disease

55
Q

Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) treatment

A

• freezing phase
■ active and passive ROM (physiotherapy)
◆ NSAIDs and steroid injections if limited by pain

• thawing phase
■ manipulation under anesthesia and early physiotherapy
◆ arthroscopy for debridement/decompression

56
Q

Stages of adhesive capsulitis

A
  1. Freezing phase: gradual onset, diffuse pain (lasts 6-9 mo)
  2. Frozen phase: decreased ROM impacting functioning (lasts 4-9 mo)
  3. Thawing phase: gradual return of motion (lasts 5-26 mo)