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Electrotherapy Quiz > Short Wave Diathermy SWD > Flashcards

Short Wave Diathermy SWD Flashcards

1
Q

What does diathermy mean

A

Dia= through
Thermy = heat

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2
Q

What does short wave refer to

A

Shortwave electromagnetic band of the electromagnetic spectrum

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3
Q

What are two types of diathermy

A

Short wave
Microwave

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4
Q

Radiofrequency range of short wave

A

10-100 MHz

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5
Q

True or False
The SWD device itself does not generate heat

A

True

Heat results when electromagnetic waves come in contact with the body/tissues, causing a resistance that leads to movement of molecules; and thus heat is generated

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6
Q

Difference between SWD and US

A

SWD is DEEP
SWD covers large areas

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7
Q

Define short wave diathermy SWD

A

use of NON-ionizing high frequency electromagnetic energy to heat deep and large areas

(Ionizing energy is illegal and harmful, so make sure you know it’s NON-ionizing)

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8
Q

SWD has two modes of application

A

Continuous CSWD
Pulsed PSWD

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9
Q

What does PEME stand for

A

Pulsed electromagnetic energy

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10
Q

What does PEMET stand for

A

Pulsed electromagnetic energy treatment

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11
Q

What does PEMF stand for

A

Pulsed electromagnetic field

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12
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum is characterized based on 3 things

A
  • frequency
  • wavelength
  • energy per photon
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13
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength

A

Inversely proportional

(As F increases = W decreases)

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14
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and energy per photon ?

A

Directly proportional

(As energy per photon increases = frequency increases)

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15
Q

What is electromagnetic wave ?

A

The interaction between an electric and magnetic fields

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16
Q

Energy in 1 photon is = ?

A

1 eV (electron volt)

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17
Q

Compare eV per photon found in diagnostic x-rays and SWD

A

eV per photon in diagnostic X-ray is GREATER than that found in SWD

(Which means SWD is not harmful)

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18
Q

Describe the wavelength and frequency of short wave

A

Long wavelength
Low frequency

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19
Q

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does shortwave sit within

A

Radio wave band

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20
Q

Read this and acknowledge

A

👍🏻

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21
Q

Read this

A

👍🏻

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22
Q

SWD uses _______________ to produce heat deep inside the targeted tissue

A

Electric current

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23
Q

How deep can SWD reach

A

Two inches deep (5 cm)

( just interesting fact: some studies have shows it may even reach 6-8 cm)

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24
Q

True or false
The diathermy applies heat DIRECTLY to the body

A

False

The current from the machine allows the body to generate heat from within the target tissue

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25
Q

Benefits of the heat that results from SWD

A

Promotes blood flow
Increases cell metabolism
Improve flexibility in stiff joints and connective tissue

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26
Q

Explain the principle of diathermy

A

Before the injury , tissue molecules are arranged based on POLARITY
(- - - + + +)

When tissue damage occurs, the distribution becomes IRREGULAR and deviates form polarity-based arrangements
(- + - - + + -)

Under the influence of an electric field (SWD), the molecules rotate according to the polarity of their charge, restoring previous stage of polarity
( - - - + + +)

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27
Q

What are some challenges of SWD

A
  1. A fatty subcutaneous layer can act as a barrier, preventing the direct delivery of heat to the deeper layers of tissue.

(So it doesn’t work on obese people and it may even burn them as fat has relatively good specific heat capacity)

  1. Short waves do not have excitatory effect on nerve and muscle

(This is because the voltage fees of SWD is less than 1/50 of μs while the nerve needs at least 0.1 ms to be stimulated; so there is not enough time for altering ionic balance across the membrane and muscle or nerve)

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28
Q

What is the method of heat transfer for SWD

A

Converting electromagnetic energy into thermal energy

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29
Q

The heat produced by SWD depends on two things:

A
  • Water content in treated area
  • Machine parameters
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30
Q

What mode of heat transfer is seen in SWD

A

Radiation

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31
Q

Why is edema a MAJOR contraindication for SWD

A

Due to its high water content

(Water has High specific heat capacity and high conductivity so there is a huge risk of burning the patient)

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32
Q

Why should there be a piece of fabric layer (i,e towel) between skin and electrodes

A

To prevent burn as the patient may sweat (water)

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33
Q

Read

A

👍🏻

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34
Q

We have two types of short wave diathermy : CSWD and PSWD.

Which is used for chronic and which for acute?

A

CSWD = chronic
PSWD = acute

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35
Q

How many fields does the SWD produce ? What are they?

A

Two

Electric (E) and magnetic (H) field

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36
Q

The ratio between electric and magnetic field (E:H) depends on what

A

Type of electrodes and manufacturing characteristics

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37
Q

Just in case we need to know this, read.

A

👍🏻

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38
Q

Two shapes of SWD devices and they are :

A

Cabinet device
Portable device

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39
Q

What are the different types of electrodes (hint: 5)

A
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40
Q

Important points when using pad electrodes

A
  • made out of rubber
  • uniform contact is needed
  • several layers of toweling is needed
  • distance between the electrodes should be at least the diameter of one pad
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41
Q

Which type of electrodes is this

A

Pad electrodes

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42
Q

What type of electrodes is this

A

Space electrodes

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43
Q

Where can space electrodes be applied

A

Almost all parts of the body

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44
Q

Application of space electrodes can be done in two ways :

A
  • placed on either side of treated part (contraplanar)
  • placed on the same side ( coplanar )
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45
Q

What type of electrode is this

A

Drum electrode

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46
Q

Properties of drum electrode

A
  • does NOT follow skin contour
  • penetrate up to 3-5 cm
  • heat is generated in tissues of high conductivity such as blood and muscle
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47
Q

What type of electrode is this

A

Diplode electrode

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48
Q

Properties of diplode electrodes

A
  • consists of flat coil electrode encased in Perspex cover with two wings
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49
Q

What type of electrode is this

A

Coil or cable electrode

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50
Q

Properties of coil or cable electrode

A
  • consists of wire with plugs at either end , creating a magnetic field
  • wrapped around the treated part with 5-10 cm between each turn OR in pancake shape
  • Fat does NOT provide resistance = heats up deeper tissues
  • towel must be placed (this is the case for all electrodes)
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51
Q

Factors that influence field distribution in SWD

A

Electrode spacing

Electrode size

Electrode positioning

Metal

Air cavities

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52
Q

Why is more heated required for air cavities (air sinuses) ?

A

Because the heat isn’t being absorbed by the air

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53
Q

Why is electrode spacing needed ?

A
  • To allow lines of force in the electrostatic field to diverge before entering the tissue
  • prevents concentration of heat in the superficial tissues and ensures more heating through the treated part
54
Q

What provides spacing for electrodes

A

Provided by:

  • flat felt spacers
  • towels
  • space palates
  • air (when using space electrodes)
55
Q

With space electrodes, spacing should be between

A

2-4 cm

56
Q

Closer spacing leads to

A

Concentrate of the field = excessive heating and burn

57
Q

Wide spacing (not more than 4 cm) leads to

A

Uniform heating

58
Q

Regarding electrode placement, distance between electrodes should be …….?

A

At least equal to the diameter of the LARGEST electrode

59
Q

True or false
Distance between the electrodes should be at least equal to the diameter of the smallest electrode

A

False

Largest

60
Q

Electrode size : what happens if electrodes are smaller than the diameter of the part treated ?

A

Superficial heat

61
Q

Electrode size: what happens if the electrodes are much larger than the diameter of the part treated ?

A

Line of force will travel in the air and will be lost = waste of energy

62
Q

What should the size of the electrode being compared to the treated area ?

A

Electrodes should be SLIGHTLY LARGER than part treated

63
Q

Uneven sized electrodes leads to ?

A

Field concentration under the SMALL electrode

64
Q

What happens if electrodes are close to the body

A

More heat 

65
Q

What happens if electrode is small

A

Less heat

66
Q

What happens if we have normal spacing between electrodes ?

A

Even field distribution

67
Q

What happens if we increase the spacing between electrodes

A

Deep field concentration

68
Q

Heat developed depends on …………⁣⁣⁣⁣⁣

A

Tissue conductivity

Tissue with high conductivity can absorb high energy levels and dissipated heat efficiently

69
Q

Examples of tissue with high conductivity

A

Muscle
Blood

70
Q

Why is it pointless for the treatment to exceed 20 minutes ?

A

Because tissue with high conductivity will absorb high energy levels and DISSIPATE heat efficiently

So as it absorbs heat, the absorption will plateau within 15-20 minutes into the treatment and then the heat will decrease as it dissipates after 20 minutes so no point in prolonging the treatment duration

71
Q

Arrangement of electrodes could be :

A
72
Q

What method of application is this

A

Co-planer

73
Q

What method of application is this

A

Contra-planer

74
Q

What method of application is this

A

Longitudinal

75
Q

What method of application is this

A

Cross fire

76
Q

What is the cross fire technique used for

A

Air cavities such as in case of SINUSITIS

77
Q

Which method of application can be used for sinusitis

A

Cross fire

78
Q

Electrode positioning: electrodes need to be ______________ to the skin

A

Parallel

79
Q

The distance between the electrodes in coplanar arrangement needs to be …………………⁣⁣⁣⁣⁣

A

Greater than the combined skin-electrode distance

80
Q

What happens in the case of uneven spacing between coplanar electrodes ?

A

Concentrates the field near the closer electrode

81
Q

Which provides superficial or deep heating ? Coplanar or contraplaner?

A

Coplanar : superficial

Contraplaner : deeper than coplaner

82
Q

Which is co-planer vs contra-planer

A.. Electrodes placed on either side of the treated area
B. Concentrating on one side of the body

A

A. Contra-planer
B. Co-planer

83
Q

How to increase the depth of penetration using coplanar arrangement

A

Increasing the spacing between electrodes 

84
Q

In Contra-planer arrangement, how far should the electrodes be away from the treated area

A

2 to 4 cm

85
Q

What are the two types of applicators

A

Capacitive applicators
Inductive applicators

86
Q

What are capacitive applicators made of

A

Rubber or metallic material

87
Q

What are inductive applicators made of

A

One or more flat spiral copper coils mounted and hidden in rigid hard plastic casing

88
Q

Capacitance and inductance can be administered using which mode of application (continuous or pulsed)?

A

BOTH can be administered in continuous or pulsed mode

89
Q

Capacitance has high proportion of which field ?

A

Electrical field

(Electrical field > magnetic field)

90
Q

With capacitance , the part treated is ______________ of a circuit

A

a part

91
Q

In capacitance, heat is generated in what type of tissues ?

Provide examples of these tissues

A
  • low conductivity
  • high resistance

Examples: fat, ligaments, tendons, cartilage

92
Q

Electrodes used in capacitance

A

2 flexible pads
2 space plates
1 flexible pad + 1 space plate
1 diplode

93
Q

Type of heating in capacitance

A

Superficial heating

94
Q

Capacitance is recommended for treating areas with

A

LOW subcutaneous fat

95
Q

Mode of heat transfer using capacitor method

A

Conduction

96
Q

Tissues of __________ electric content are good conductors , such as tissue with high ___________ content.

A

High
Water

97
Q

Inductance has high proportion of which field ?

A

Magnetic field

98
Q

With inductance , the part treated is ______________ of a circuit

A

NOT a part

99
Q

In inductance, heat is generated as ______________

A

Eddy current

100
Q

Type of heating using inductance

A

Deep heating (deeper than capacitance)

NOTE: most of the heating occur in muscle but not in fat layer

101
Q

Which method provides deeper heating ; inductance or capacitance

A

Inductance

102
Q

In inductance, heat is generated in what type of tissue ?

Provide example of these tissues

A
  • high conductivity

Examples: blood, muscle, sweat

103
Q

What electrodes are used in inductance

A

Drum electrode
Cables (coils)

104
Q

Inductance is recommended for treating __________ structures

A

Deep

105
Q

While using inductance, area treated must be _________.

A

DRY
(Wet will cause burn)

106
Q

Indications of continuous SWD

A

Chronic musculoskeletal disorders
Chronic inflammatory conditions
Infective conditions
Pain

(Know examples)

107
Q

What are the general contraindications of SWD
(Hint: 9)

A

Impaired sensation

Cardiac pacemaker (any implanted devices)

Metal implants

Pregnancy (therapist or patient)

Malignancy (cancer)

Uncontrolled blood pressure (hypertension or hypertension)

Obese patients

Transthoracic application

Fever

(Hint: OPTIMUM F )

108
Q

What are the local contraindications of SWD

A

Impaired thermal sensation

Peripheral vascular disorder

Menstruating uterus (when treating back, abdomen, pelvis)

Skeletal immaturity

Over the eye

Acute hemorrhage (around treated area)

Over external metallic objects

(Hint: I SAMPOO)

109
Q

What are the therapeutic parameters with pulsed SWD

A

Pulse width ( μs)
Pulse frequency (Hz or pps)
Power ( Watt )

110
Q

Production of pulsed PSWD

(Some numbers idk if we have to know)

A

Short wave frequency : 27.12 MHz

Output frequencies: 15 - 200 Hz

Power: up to 1000W

111
Q

The mean power of PSWD is affected by two things :

A

Parameters
Treatment time

112
Q

Pulsed SWD is thought to nonthermal (athermal).

When is this true?

A

When LOW pulse width and LOW pulse frequency is used (=LOW power)

113
Q

True or false
Pulsed SWD can produce thermal and nonthermal effects depending on parameters?

A

True

114
Q

Indications of pulsed SWD
(Hint: 6)

A
115
Q

Physiological effects

A
116
Q

Therapeutic effects of SWD
(Hint: 7)

A
117
Q

Duration of treatment for SWD (continuous)

A

15 to 20 minutes

118
Q

How long do we have to wait when increasing the intensity before moving to another setting and why

A

2 to 3 minutes

To allow the temperature to build up in the tissue

119
Q

Longer duration of SWD treatment may result in

A

Reflex vasoconstriction which is seen clearly in toes and fingers

120
Q

Frequency of SWD treatment

A

Daily or every other day based on patient response

121
Q

Duration of treatment and dosage with pulsed SWD

A
122
Q

Dosage and duration time for pulsed SWD in acute conditions

A

Mean power; less than 3W
Duration: 10 minutes 

123
Q

Dosage and duration time for pulsed SWD in subacute conditions

A

Mean power: 2 to 5 W
Duration: 10 to 15 minutes

124
Q

Dosage and duration time for pulsed SWD in chronic conditions

A

Mean power: more than 5 W
Duration: 15 to 20 minutes

125
Q

Expected feeling/sensation with continuous SWD

A

Mild comfortable warmth

126
Q

Expected feeling/sensation with pulsed SWD

A

Nothing or mild comfortable warmth if higher intensities are being used

127
Q

Treatment considerations

A
128
Q

Advantages of SWD

A

Deep penetration

Covers large body areas

Can heat deep tissue without heating superficial tissues

Allows time to attend another patient

Used when patient cannot tolerate the weight of hot pack

129
Q

What to document for SWD

A
130
Q

Safety considerations for SWD

A

Electrotherapy Quiz (3 decks)

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