Short Term Answers for Final

Question 1

Andrew Johnson

Answer 1

President after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Democrat with Southern ties who sympathized with the South during reconstruction. His plan involved pardoning white Southerners (except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters) and black codes were implemented under his presidency as members of the old Southern elite came back into power in the South while following his plan. He was impeached

Question 2

Reconstruction

Answer 2

Period of time after Civil War 1865-1877 where the Federal Government was trying to reintegrate the South back into the Union. Lead first by Lincoln, then Johnson, Congress, and Grant. The Navy’s size and power dramatically dropped during reconstruction, the budget was reduced from 700 ships to 48 from 1864 by 1880

Question 3

Radical Republicans

Answer 3

1864 Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. During reconstruction the radical republicans favored harsh punishments against the South, against what Abraham Lincoln argued for. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868 resulted in many Southern states being occupied militarily. They wanted the South to be essentially powerless (no navy)

Question 4

13, 14, 15th Amendments

Answer 4

13th- Slavery Amendment 1865 by Congress + Abraham Lincoln
14th- Civil Rights Amendment 1868 by Congress
15th- Right to vote Amendment 1869 by Congress Why?

Question 5

Enforcement Acts

Answer 5

1870 by Dept of Justice to protect African American’s rights.
Protected their rights to vote, hold office, serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws
They still could not serve in the Navy legally

Question 6

David Porter

Answer 6

After reconstruction, Porter claimed the US Navy was falling behind in size and power on the world stage. Believed the US needed to focus more on coastal defense and commerce protection because commerce raiding was a threat to the United States. Admiral Porter is significant to US history because his arguments eventually lead to the US Navy being rebuilt and he was right about the threat of commerce raiding.

Question 7

Stephen Luce

Answer 7

CDR Stephen Luce was a USNA grad 1847. Strongly advocated for greater education of US Naval officers. 1884-1886 served as the first president of the Naval War College (also the founder). Significant because his actions lead to greater education of Naval Officers (professionalizing the Navy)

Question 8

Naval Institute

Answer 8

Founded 1873, a private organization that stands as a foundry for US Naval history and literature. Significant because it promoted scientific and professionalism of the Naval Officer Corps

Question 9

New Port Torpedo Station

Answer 9

Founded summer of 1869, built the fish torpedo. Significant because in 1881 the US Navy had the first self propelled torpedo. Significant moment in history because torpedos were a huge technological innovation that gave navies an advantage over adversaries who didn’t have the new weapon.

Question 10

Office of Naval Intelligence

Answer 10

Founded in 1882. Aimed to gather information about other countries’ navies. Used to find the best route for Panama Canal. Significant because information brought back revealed the US had a weak Navy compared to other big countries (showed what needed to be built up to stand a chance). Also published much of the material it collected, fostering support for the New Navy.

Question 11

Naval War College

Answer 11

Stephen B Luce claimed the Academy wasn’t enough to train Naval Officers. He advocated for the Naval War College and in 1884 became the first president of the school. Purpose was to teach Officers about Navy technology, strategy, international law (professionalize the Navy, learning how to apply knowledge to naval strategy). Significant because a lot of great Naval leaders have gone to the Naval War College.

Question 12

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Answer 12

Naval Officer and teacher at the Naval War College. He released a series of books that were highly influential to naval leaders around the world. His first book was the Influence of Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890, it featured ideas from his lectures taught at the Naval War College. Significant because it would influence the New Navy, which would become focused on battleships, offense, and denying enemies free range on the sea

Question 13

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

Answer 13

Mahan’s first book published in 1890. Arguments included the idea that the strongest Navy would lead to being a dominant world power. Argued for a united fleet and offensive defense, not waiting for the enemy to attack you. Significant to US Navy because Theodore Roosevelt and other Naval leaders drew inspiration from this book and enacted a lot of the ideas.

Question 14

William Radford

Answer 14

• Was critical of Naval Intelligence efforts…Why?
• Rear Admiral; Served during Mexican-American War and Civil War
• Took control of the European Squadron
• Thought that forward presence rather than intelligence collection would prove more useful

Question 15

C.R.P. Rodgers

Answer 15

• Rear Admiral, served as Superintendent of USNA, Commander-in-Chief of Pacific Squadron
• November 11th, 1879, in port with other fleets, he wrote a letter describing other countries’ more advanced navies. Said the United States was the only navy with an old fashioned cannon. Listed all of the modern foreign warships present in Peru, saying that they were all fast steamships with modern guns
• Significant to Naval History because his observations showed how the US Navy was lagging after reconstruction.

Question 16

Pacific War

Answer 16

• War of the Pacific 1879-1883 Peru-Bolivia vs Chile
• Chile won and gained a significant amount of territory from Peru and Bolivia
• Chile’s control of the sea was key to their victory in an inevitably-difficult desert war
• The war in the Pacific shed new light on what the world’s navy is capable of which prompted professionalizing the Navy (showed the importance of having a strong navy)

Question 17

ABCD ships

Answer 17

Part of the New Navy initiative, the ABCD ships were three cruisers and a dispatch boat named Atlanta, Boston, Chicago and Dolphin. The ABCD ships marked America’s first steps in moving towards new naval technology with their steel hulls, breech loading guns, and electric lighting.
They were a rebuilding of the Navy rather than a redirection of its strategy, as they were still designed for commerce raiding and protection

Question 18

William McKinley

Answer 18

• William McKinley served as the 25th president of the United States. He led the United States to victory during the Spanish-American war.
• Employment of the Navy allowed for victory against Spain, which occurred under his presidency
• Influence by Theodore Roosevelt as Assistant SECNAV and Vice President to build up the Navy

Question 19

John Hay

Answer 19

US Secretary of State 1899 created open door policy that allowed all countries to have equal access to China for trade while protecting its administrative and territorial integrity. Significant to Naval History because the US Navy enforced this policy set by Theodore Roosevelt, which Japan threatened. It also prevented other European and Asian countries from using the Boxer Rebellion to cut China up into individual colonies

Question 20

Spanish American War

Answer 20

War fought between Spain and America. Result of the war would lead to the American’s victory and would soon gain the Philippines and Guam and other territory to claim as their own.

Question 21

George Dewey

Answer 21

Commander of the Asiatic Sea during the Spanish American War and defeated the Spanish Pacific Fleet at Manila Bay. Significance is that his leadership and preparation of the vessels before battle led to a decisive victory that allowed the U.S. to win the war

Question 22

Battle of Manilla Bay

Answer 22

Lead by Admiral Dewey on May 1, 1898, the US Navy attacked and decimated the Spanish fleet in Manilla Bay, Philippines. Dewey waited for the Army to arrive and the forces, along with Marines, would spend the next few years fighting Aguinaldo’s forces. Significant because after the battle the US Navy contributed to taking the Philippines and winning the Spanish War.

Question 23

Battle of Santiago de Cuba

Answer 23

July 3 1898. US fleet beat the Spanish fleet attempting to run their blockade. Brought an end to the Spanish-American war and gave Cuba nominal independence from Spain. Significant because the US had 1 casualty and the Spanish had 474, it enhanced the reputation of the US Navy.

Question 24

Dan Daly

Answer 24

Marine, received 2 Medal of Honors, single handedly causing 200 chinese casualties in Boxer Rebellion and was famous for actions in Belleau Wood.

Question 25

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 25

1899, China was sick of foreigners causing their governments to weaken, so the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, (AKA Boxers), decided to rebel and attack foreigners which included the United States and the Marines in China. US Marines were sent into combat to control the rebellion. Significant because it is an example of how the Marines were used for America’s economic interests.

Question 26

Teddy Roosevelt

Answer 26

- Assistant Secretary of the Navy and president in 1901-1909. - Big Navy Guy. Saw how the Navy could benefit the U.S. in terms of power projection - “Speak softly and carry a big stick” - Supporter of Mahan and his ideology; Leads to the Great White Fleet

Question 27

Venezuela Crisis

Answer 27

- 1895 President Cleveland threatened war against British for a border dispute with Venezuela, justified by the Monroe Doctrine. Significant to Naval History because the threat of war made the British agree to negotiations. - 1902 Britain, Germany, and Italy imposed a blockade against Venezuela for not paying debts. Roosevelt brought up the Monroe Doctrine to state that the US and only the US would be the international police force in South America and the Carribean. Led to creation of Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (U.S. can interfere in economic affairs of South American Carribean countries if they can’t pay international debts); Designed to keep Europe out of Western Hemisphere

Question 28

Banana Wars

Answer 28

Series of “Wars” in the Carribean in which the US Navy and Marine Corp were used for the US’s economic interests in order to ensure U.S. remained a dominant power in Central America. Crucial for the development of the USMC. Marines would take the jobs no one wanted to show their importance

Question 29

Smedley Butler

Answer 29

- Highly decorated Marine Corp officer who would eventually be awarded the medal of honor twice before becoming an outspoken critic of American small wars. - Two medal of honors- gives one up in protest - Openly criticizes Marine Corp as an American strong arm for economic purposes - Criticizes Marine Corps after his experience in the Banana Wars - Recommends cutting corps to 13,000 24 percent cut of forces (largest proposed of all services)

Question 30

Philippine-American War

Answer 30

- Americans fought Emilio Aguinaldo, the exiled leader of the Philippine rebellion against Spain, and his forces - 11,000 U.S. Army troops arrived; a surrender quickly occurred between the Spanish garrison in Manila and the Americans (Aguinaldo and his soldiers weren’t invited) - U.S. Army and Marine Corps would spend the next 3 years fighting Aguinaldo’s forces - War did not end until 1902 when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured - Served as an early example for the U.S. of the difficulties encountered when trying to impose one’s will upon another people

Question 31

Littleton W.T. Waller

Answer 31

1901 Major in the Marines infamous for brutality in Filipino American War. He was later court-martial-ed for murder (he ordered his men to kill anyone above 10 and killed his own Filipino guides without having a trial, was later acquitted. Significant because it shows how the US Marine Corp was used for American Imperialism, as well as the difficulty in trying to enforce our will upon another

Question 32

Jacob “Hell Raisin Jake” Smith

Answer 32

1898-1901. An army general who served in Balangiga, Samar, in the Philippines, “The more you kill and burn the more you will please me.” and was convicted of undermining good order and discipline and forced into retirement. Significant because it shows American Imperialism in the Philippines.

Question 33

Insurrectos

Answer 33

Filipino resistance in Philippine-American War 1899-1902.

Question 34

Emilio Aguinaldo

Answer 34

Filipino resistance leader. After battle of Manilla bay, the US Navy used him to establish control of the Filipino population. After he realized the US wasn’t leaving, he resisted and began the Filipino American War 1899-1902 which ended after he was captured.

Question 35

Roosevelt Corollary

Answer 35

1903 Prompted by Venezuela crisis, Roosevelt asserts “The US and only the US will intercede as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere.” Significant because it lead to US Marine Corp and Navy being used in Banana Wars.

Question 36

Panama Canal

Answer 36

1904 US supported Panama revolutionaries against Columbia by sending US Marines to stand as a threat. US paid and recognized new government to establish the waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific. Significant because the US Navy and Marine Corp were used for American Imperialism and economic gain. Also greatly impacted the future of US Navy as it shortened the required distance traveled from coast to coast.

Question 37

British Japanese Alliance

Answer 37

- 1902-1923 - Assist each other in safeguarding their interests in China and Korea - Directed against Russian expansionism in the Far East - Britain wanted to maintain ties with U.S., who was a rival with Japan, so alliance ended officially with Four-Power Pacific Treaty

Question 38

Russo Japanese War

Answer 38

- Fought in 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea - Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, therefore causing Russia to lose influence in Korea and Manchuria - Foreshadowed the conflicts to come - Result of war added to growing anger at Czar Nicholas II and his failing policies, which would lead to overthrow of the government with the Russian Revolution in 1917 - Significant to Naval History because Japan defeated a world power

Question 39

Tsar Nicholas II

Answer 39

- Last emperor of Russia - Acted less like a monarch; Wrote ‘Owner of Russia’ as occupation on census; Took on role with a reluctant sense of duty rather than enthusiasm - Decline in military morale, domestic problems like hunger, poverty, an anti-war movement growing added fuel to the fire against Tsar Nicholas II - Overthrown in March 1917 during the Russian Revolution and placed on house arrest - Significant to Naval history because his actions lead to failure in the Russo Japanese War

Question 40

Battle of Tsushima

Answer 40

- 1905 - The final, crushing defeat of the Russian navy in the Russo-Japanese War - Russia sent in its Baltic Fleet as reinforcements, but they were attacked after trying to sail during the night to avoid detection - Japanese attempted to block the Russians’ path to naval base at Vladivostok and engaged them in battle at the Tsushima straits - Only three Russian vessels reached their destination - Significant because Russia was badly defeated

Question 41

Great White Fleet

Answer 41

1907 The GWF consisted of 12 battleships built by Theodore Roosevelt as part of his big stick diplomacy. It was later rendered useless by the Dreadnought class battleship. However it is significant to Naval history because it made a statement that America was a force to be reckoned with.

Question 42

Dreadnought

Answer 42

- Old ships had to sacrifice speed, armor, or fire power, but the steam turbine eliminated this issue, making the HMS Dreadnought (1906) revolutionary - Caused to U.S. Navy and the Great White Fleet (while on its journey) to become essentially obsolete - Kicked off a 20th century naval arms race

Question 43

William Sowden Sims

Answer 43

- 1902: Sims learned the continuous aim gunfire method. Because of this his ship’s superb targeting, performance reached new feats. At first the Navy rejected Sim’s ideas. Then Sims jumped the chain of command and wrote a letter to Theodore Roosevelt who made him Inspector of Naval Gunnery, allowing continuous aim gunfire to become standard in the U.S. Fleet

Question 44

General Board of the Navy

Answer 44

Composed of Admirals near the end of their career, General Board of the Navy served as a central source of advice and policy coordination. Significant because it was a step in the right direction for the Navy to be more organized, but it would be another 15 years before the Navy had the CNO and a true staff.

Question 45

War Plan Orange

Answer 45

1903 US joint Army and Navy Board plans for the possibility of going to war with Japan between the world wars. Significant because it occupied Navy strategic thinking for the next 4 decades and demonstrated that multiple branches could work together

Question 46

Lieutenant Theodore Ellyson

Answer 46

First Naval officer selected for flight training in 1910. Demonstrated the ability to launch off the aircraft carrier using the compressed air catapult. 1911: becomes first Naval flight officer flying navy-owned Curtiss “Grass Cutter”

Question 47

Glenn Curtiss

Answer 47

- Pioneer aviator and member of Aerial Experiment Association - Producer of the first practical hydroplane and early aircraft developer - Would develop planes that the US Navy would eventually use for test flights

Question 48

Eugene Ely

Answer 48

- First shipboard take off in 1911 off of the USS Birmingham | - 2 months later demonstrated landing on the USS Pennsylvania

Question 49

Chester A. Nimitz

Answer 49

- Nimitz was a fleet admiral during World War II - Took command of the Pacific Fleet to help win decisive victories at the Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in order to turn the tide against the Japanese in the Pacific - Demonstrated good leadership with his ability to calm and inspire those he led

Question 50

Schlieffen Plan

Answer 50

- Germany’s initial plan to knock France out of World War I by attacking France when Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilize forces near the German border. Failed because it didn’t take into account logistics and the strength of Russia. - Germany went through neutral Belgium, which Britain was sworn to defend (because of a treaty), causing Britain to enter the war

Question 51

Alsace-Lorraine

Answer 51

Area controlled by the Germans following the Franco-Prussian War. Area of major contention during both world wars as it was close to the Rhine valley and the easiest way to invade France.

Question 52

Franz Ferdinand

Answer 52

Assassinated by Serb Nationalists 1914 in the Balkans. This incident set off a rapid chain of events leading to World War 1. Austria wants Serbia to be punished Russia supports Serbia; Germany supports Austria-Hungary July crisis/ultimatum from Austria-Hungary leads to Serbian troops being mobilized, igniting war

Question 53

Gavrilo Princip

Answer 53

Dude who assassinated Ferdinand in 1914.

Question 54

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 54

- President 1913-1921, during World War I - Moral Diplomacy: Democracy is the key for all nations - Originally tried to not get involved in WWI but supported Britain and France with supplies. Significant because when the US entered the war he passed the Naval Act of 1916 which greatly enlarged the Navy.

Question 55

Wilson Plan

Answer 55

1913 plan that said the United States would not support any government that came to power by force. Democratic elections would occur even if the US (Marines) had to intervene to conduct them. Relates to the navy because the navy would have to take control of the area to institute american systems and then leave.

Question 56

Desiderio Arias

Answer 56

Dominican General and Secretary of War in 1914 who broke within the government and took much of the army with him. US tried to support Arias’ political rival to take control but Arias fought the US. The Navy had to step in and send vessels to police the area and take military control of the country

Question 57

Harry S. Knapp

Answer 57

Vice Admiral in the Navy, was the military governor of the Dominican Republic in 1916 to try and institute “Wilson’s Plan” and promote democracy and stabilize the country Had some success in Dominican Republic, with Arias surrendering, organized violence subsiding (except for banditry), and the U.S. Navy building 400 primary schools and improving infrastructure

Question 58

Joseph H. Pendleton

Answer 58

- Awarded the Navy Cross for his successful administration of the Dominican Republic in 1916. Significant to Naval History because a Marine Corp base was named after him - Served as minister of the interior, the navy, the police all while commanding the U.S. Marine Brigade

Question 59

Harry Lee

Answer 59

- Marine Brigadier General who embarked on a series of reforms to professionalize the Guardia Nacional (national police force) and rein in the excesses of enlisted Marines - The improvements brought temporary peace and the Marines left the Dominican Republic in 1924

Question 60

Roger L. Farnham

Answer 60

- Vice President of National City Bank, President of the Haitian National Railway,and Vice President of the Haitian National Bank - Wanted American military intervention to protect investments, so he exaggerated the threat of European interference in Haiti - Withheld funds from the Haitian government in order to destabilize the country, which caused the ONI to report that Farnham’s bank was the “chief contributor to the present financial stagnation of Haitian commerce” and “directly responsible for the present political conditions in Haiti”

Question 61

U-Boat

Answer 61

German submarines | Conducted unrestricted submarine warfare

Question 62

RMS Lusitania

Answer 62

- 1915 the Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat - Signs warned the ship that it was entering a warzone - Wilson files formal protest with the Germans calling for an end to unrestricted submarine warfare and threatening to support the Allies - Kaiser Wilhelm II backs down and ends policy of unrestricted sub warfare - The sinking of the Lusitania would eventually involve the US in the war, as it led to the death of Americans onboard the ship (would sight unrestricted submarine warfare as a cause of entry)

Question 63

Central Powers

Answer 63

Consisted of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. Significant because when Austria-Hungary declared war on the Serbians, Russia backed Serbia and Germany backed Austria-Hungary eventually getting all the allied powers involved leading to World War I. Shows that alliances were one of the main causes of World War I.

Question 64

Triple Entente

Answer 64

Pact between the British Empire, France, and Russia during World War I. Significant because it encouraged cooperation against the perceived threat against Germany. This alliance did not require each country to go to war on behalf of others, but stated that they had a “moral obligation” to support each other.

Question 65

Russian Revolution

Answer 65

Due to suffering defeats, stagnation, low ammo and rations during World War I, and famine, poverty, in November 1917, the radical Bolsheviks overthrew the interim government of Russia and started the Russian Civil War. This was significant because it forced Russia to withdraw from World War I and allowed Germany to focus fighting on the Western front.

Question 66

John Pershing

Answer 66

Was the commander of the American Expeditionary Force. As there was a need for more junior officers, candidates would be commissioned within 3 months. Pershing realized they needed experience, but initially did not want them to be led by Europeans. Despite this, his willingness to integrate the AEF into allied operations helped bring about the armistice with Germany.

Question 67

Treaty of Versailles 1919

Answer 67

Treaty of Versailles ended WWI. Demilitarized Germany, forced them to give up territory, and pay $5 billion worth of reparations. Additionally, they had to accept liability for WWI. Significant because it destroyed Germany’s economy (unable to pay off debts and led to hyperinflation b/c they tried to print more marks). Significant because it leads to German people looking for a leader who can solve their domestic problems and bring them back to a world power (rise of Hitler).

Question 68

14 Points

Answer 68

On January 8th 1918, President Woodrow Wilson’s speech to Congress which outlined 14 points for peace and to end World War I. The promise of the 14 points helped to bring the Germans to peace talks at the end of the war. Significant because it sought for open diplomacy and freedom of the seas.

Question 69

League of Nations

Answer 69

International diplomatic group developed after World War as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare. Goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy and improving global welfare. Significant because it was the first attempt to create an organization where nations worked together for peace.

Question 70

Charles Evans Hughes

Answer 70

Secretary of State under President Harding and declared that “preparation for offensive naval war will stop now,” at the first session of the Washington Naval Conference on November 12, 1921. Significant because under his administration, battleship numbers were cutdown and restricted development of navies for the U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy.

Question 71

Washington Naval Conference

Answer 71

1921 disarmament conference in Washington DC attended by world’s largest naval powers. Significant because it restricted development of navies and offended Japanese, the treaty didn’t mention aircraft carriers or submarines.

Question 72

Small Wars Manual

Answer 72

A United States Marine Corps manual published in 1940 on tactics and strategies for engaging in certain types of military operations. Significant because it developed strategy and campaign planning for the Marine Corps. For example, the manual discusses how behavior, emotions, and perception management are central in shape decision-making processes.

Question 73

Sir John Fisher

Answer 73

(1900s) British Admiral who was First Sea Lord and modernized the British Fleet to meet the German threat. Decommissioned older British ships to build and man new ones. Ended occupation in Jamaica making the US Navy the dominant presence in the Caribbean.

Question 74

Two Power Standard

Answer 74

The Naval Defence Act 1889 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The standard called for the Royal Navy to maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world, which then were France and Russia. Ultimately, failed as a deterrent.

Question 75

Boer War

Answer 75

- Discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa in 1867 led to fighting amongst Boers and Britain in Africa, who had peacefully coexisted - Fighting broke out in the 1890s, with Britain crushing the Boer resistance by 1902 - Americans wanted to get involved because they saw the Boers as the weak and small pitted against a strong monarchy

Question 76

William Taft

Answer 76

- Picked by Theodore Roosevelt to be his successor - Believed to be a progressive reformer; continued trust-busting - Dollar diplomacy: peace through economic ties with nations

Question 77

George Von Lengerke Meyer

Answer 77

- Secretary of the Navy under Taft - Wanted to fix problems identified by the Great White Fleet - Conducted immediate and long term reforms * Training * Efficiency (navigation, personnel and accounting practices) * Lifestyle * Long term: Modernize battleship fleet with dreadnaught class, be homogeneous in speed, design, and maneuverability

Question 78

Josephus Daniels

Answer 78

- Secretary of the Navy under Wilson - Banned alcohol for officers - Studied use of flight for the Navy, leading to aviation being formally adopted into the service during his administration

Question 79

Washington Irving Chambers

Answer 79

- Headed a board created in 1913 by Josephus Daniels - The board created studied the aeronautical needs of the Navy and established a training program at the Pensacola Navy Yard

Question 80

William S. Benson

Answer 80

- First man to be CNO - Oversaw several fleets and squadrons around the world - Helped to define the role of CNO through the coordination of Navy and Marine Corps forces in the Caribbean and Central America (before leading the Navy into World War I)

Question 81

“Navy Second to None”

Answer 81

- Naval Appropriations Act of 1916 (Under Wilson) - Largest expansion of the U.S. Navy in history - Spent $500 million, called for construction of 10 new battleships, expansion of port facilities, and investing in industry and other projects - If construction ran to completion, the U.S. would have more dreadnaughts and total tonnage of battleships than the Royal Navy

Question 82

Western Front

Answer 82

Consisted of trench warfare with infantry in protective trenches having supportive fire from machine guns and artillery backed by efficient and untouchable rail reinforcement (made it impossible to launch typical assaults)

Question 83

Ypres salien

Answer 83

- Area in Belgium that played a key role on the Western Front - Allied hold of this area during the war meant that the Allies kept a gap between the German Army as it marched west - Many very contentious battles that ended in large losses of life occurred there

Question 84

Gallipoli Campaign

Answer 84

- 1915 Allied attempt to strike the weak underbelly of the Central Powers * Break the stalemate on the Western Front * Attack the Dardanelle Strait (which separated Europe from Asia and would give Britain a direct line to Russian navy, enabling supply of munitions to Russian forces) with invasion force * Knock Ottomans out - Lack of knowledge and intelligence about the terrain and a fierce Turkish resistance led to heavy casualties and an Allied retreat

Question 85

Zimmerman Telegram

Answer 85

- Telegram from Germany to Mexico about an alliance, convincing Mexico to attack the U.S. to keep them occupied - In exchange, Germany would help Mexico get lost territory back - Germany was struggling in the war and wanted to stop Entente supply lines

Question 86

American Expeditionary Force

Answer 86

- Led by John Pershing - Formation of the U.S. Army on the Western Front of World War I - French, British, Canadian, Australian armies joined in - First major offensive marked a turning point in the war for the Allies, as the force destroyed German occupation of the St. Mihiel salient

Question 87

Ardennes Forest

Answer 87

- Battle of the Ardennes fought on the frontiers of France, Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg - German armies defeated the French armies, forcing them to retreat - Germany was able to take control of important iron resources and continue their advance into France as a result of their victory

Question 88

Belleau Wood

Answer 88

- Occurred during the German Spring Offensive in 1918 (with Russia out of the War) - Marines fighting under the Army; Germans plan attack (2nd Battle of the Marne) - Mission: Marines and Soldiers clear German position - Tactics: initially use large maneuvers; develop fire and maneuver (Browning 1917 A1, artillery, support by fire) - 20 days of fighting; Marines displayed superior marksmanship; fixed bayonets and charged the German lines to seal the battle of Teufelhunden - Following: Germans end their trench warfare and retreat (Wilhelm II steps down)

Question 89

William S. Sims

Answer 89

- Served as the London-based liaison to the Royal Navy, in which he argued that the U.S. Navy should follow Britain’s lead in fighting Germany - Supported British proposals for fighting U-boats, calling for the U.S. to build more anti submarine ships (though Wilson preferred not to sacrifice American naval strengths for British interests) - Would go on to criticize Wilson, Benson, Daniels

Question 90

Treaty System

Answer 90

- Treaty of Versailles 1919 ended World War I - Pacific colonies went to Japan, Britain and French split African colonies, Rhineland demilitarized, 20 billion gold marks from Germany, Germany severely demilitarized - Results in hyperinflation, Germany had no representation when drafting the treaty

Question 91

William Billy Mitchell

Answer 91

- 1920 - “Father of the Airforce” - Mitchell wanted only the army to be in control of the air force * Attempts to undermine the Navy and claim air superiority - Mitchell presses congress to conduct Virginia Capes Bombing Trials (1921) to test his theory that Aviation is superior to Naval power * Tests confirm the idea that Aviation is effective in fighting navies - Tests concluded that a stronger air force would yield an advantage in naval warfare - Counter to what he wanted, it did not lead to the Army controlling the military’s air force, it just gave the Navy a reason to develop its own

Question 92

USS Langley

Answer 92

- Retrofitted cargo ship - First US Aircraft Carrier - Slow, unable to outrun enemy or keep up with the rest of the fleet - Because of this, secretary of the Navy Curtis Wilbur convenes a special policy board on aviation matters * Results: expedite Lexington and Saratoga (carriers in production)

Question 93

USS Lexington

Answer 93

- Aircraft carrier made from a battle cruiser hull that was set to be scrapped - First operational fleet carrier (Commissioned in 1927) - Was a critical factor in the development of naval aviation’s offensive capabilities

Question 94

John A. Lejeune

Answer 94

- Defends Marine Corp from critics, rallies support for Marine Corps - Led Marines in decisive victory at the Battle of Belleau Wood