Short Summary

Question 1

Division of nervous system

Answer 1

1. CNS
2. PNS
   - efferent division
   —somatic system
   — autonomic system:
   —-enteric
   —-parasympathetic
   —-sympathetic
   - afferent division

Question 2

Receptors

Answer 2

1. Cholinergic
   -muscarinic
   — m1 = Gq = nerves, gastric parietal cells
   — m2 = Gi = heart, smooth muscle, nerves
   — m3 = Gq = glands, bladder
   — m4 = Gi = CNS
   — m5 = Gq = CNS
   - nicotinic
   —Nn
   —Nm
2. Adrenergic
   - alpha 1= vascular smooth muscle construction in skin, constrict sphincters, ejaculation
   - alpha 2= autoreceptor
   - b1 = increased camp = heart, kidney, fat
   - b2=increased camp = vascular smooth muscle, bronchioles, bladder

Question 3

Parasympathetic drugs

Answer 3

Direct acting agonists

• choline esters
• alkaloids

Indirect acting agonists

• alcohols
• carbamates
• organophosohates

Presynaptic inhibition - antagonists

Postsynaptic inhibition - Antagonist

Ganglionic blockers/nicotine receptor antagonist

Neuromuscular blockers

Stimulation - parasympathomimetics
Inhibition - parasympatholytics

Question 4

Choline esters

Answer 4

Parasympathomimetics

Direct acting agonist

• ACh
• betanechol - m3
• carbachol - all muscarinic, some nicotinic
• methacholine - all muscarinic

Question 5

Alkaloids

Answer 5

Parasympathomimetics
Direct acting agonist

Alkaloids on muscarinic receptors

• muscarine
• pilocarpine
• arecholine
• cevimeline

Alkaloids on nicotinic receptors

• nicotine
• lobeline
• coniine
• varenicline

Question 6

Alcohols

Answer 6

Parasympathomimetics
Indirect acting agonist

• edrophonium
• donepezil

Question 7

Carbamates

Answer 7

Parasympathomimetics
Indirect acting agonist

• physostigmine
• neostigmine
• pyridostigmine
• rivastigmine

Question 8

Organophosphate

Answer 8

Parasympathomimetics
Indirect acting agonist

Insecticide
Echithiophate

(Pralidixine =antidote)

Question 9

Presynaptic inhibition of cholinergic system

Answer 9

Inhibition of ACh release

Tetrodotoxin 
Omega-conotoxin
Vesamicol
Reserpine 
Botulinum toxin 
Hemicholium

Question 10

Postsynaptic inhibition cholinergic system

Answer 10

Anti muscarinic agents/antagonists

• atropine
• scopolamine
  Ophthalmology;
• homatropine
• tropicamide
• cyclopentolate
  Parkinson’s;
• benztropine
• biperiden
• procyclidine
  Hyper active bladder:
  -oxybutyrin
• darifenacin m3
• solifenacine m3
• tolterodine
• fesoterodine
• trospium
  Peptic ulcer;
• pirenzepine m1
• teperin m1
  Smooth muscle cramps
• propantheline
• butykscopalamine
  COPD And asthma
• ipratropium
• tiotropium
• aclindiniun
  -umclindinum

Question 11

Ganglion blocking drugs/ nicotinic antagonist

Answer 11

Hexamethonium
Tetraethylammonium
Trimethaphan
Mecamylamine
Nicotine

Question 12

Neuromuscular blockers

Answer 12

Cisatracurium 
Pancuronium 
Rocuronium 
Succinylcholine
Vercuronium

Question 13

Sympathetic drugs

Answer 13

Presynaptic is same as parasymp.

A1 agonists
A2 agonists
Beta agonists

Alpha blockers
Beta blockers

Question 14

Postsynaptic sympathomimetics

Answer 14

1. Alpha 1 agonist
   - epinephrine
   - norepinephrine
   - phenylephrin
   - dopamine
   - methyldopa
   - octopamine
   - tetrahydrozoline
   - ephedrine
2. Alpha 2 agonist = sympatholytic
   - clonidine
3. Beta agonist
   - albuterol/salbutamol
   - Dobutamine
   - e + ne
   - formoterol
   - isoproterenol/isoprenaline
   - salmeterol
   - terbutaline

Question 15

Alpha blockers

Answer 15

Alfuzosin -a1
Doxazosin - a1
Prazosin - a1 
Tamsulosin - a1
Terazosin - a1
Phentolamine - a1 And a2
Phenoxybenzamine - a1 and a2
Yohimbine - a2

Question 16

Beta blockers

Answer 16

Cardioselective
- acebutolol
- atenolol
- betaxolol
- bisoprolol
- esmolol
- nebivolol
- metoprolol
Non-selective 
- carteolol
- carvediol
- labetalol
- nadolol
- pentbutolol
- pindolol
- propranolol 
- timolol

Question 17

Drugs affecting NT uptake or release

Answer 17

Reserpine