Short review for Human Phys Chapter 8 and atherosclerosis

Question 1

All blood pumped by the right side of the heart goes into the _________ circulation, whilst all the blood pumped from the left side of the heart goes through the ___________ circulation.

Answer 1

Pulmonary; systemic

Question 2

What are examples of organs that recondition blood?

Answer 2

Kidneys, digestive tract, skin.

Question 3

What does reconditioning of the blood mean?

Answer 3

keeps the conditions of the blood constant.

Question 4

How do the kidneys recondition blood?

Answer 4

Eliminate metabolic wastes, adjust water and electrolyte composition.

Question 5

How does the digestive system recondition the blood?

Answer 5

Supplies nutrients to the blood.

Question 6

How does the skin recondition the blood?

Answer 6

Brings blood to the surface of the skin to eliminate heat.

Question 7

What is peculiar of the organs that recondition blood, in terms of receiving blood?

Answer 7

They receive an excess of blood than is metabolically needed, thus, they can withstand periodic losses in blood.
An example is during exercise, blood is routed to the skeletal muscles instead.

Question 8

What organ can withstand loss of blood the least?

Answer 8

The brain

Question 9

What is flow rate?

Answer 9

The volume of blood passing through a blood vessel per unit of time.

Question 10

What is the flow rate dependent on?

Answer 10

Resistance and the pressure gradient.

Question 11

What is the pressure gradient?

Answer 11

The difference between the pressure at the beginning and the pressure at the end of a vessel.
Not to be confused with the absolute pressure within a vessel.

Question 12

Blood flows from an area of _____ pressure to an area of _________ pressure.

Answer 12

Higher; lower

Question 13

What effect does vessel length have on pressure?

Answer 13

Longer vessels have a decrease in pressure due to frictional losses.

Question 14

What is resistance?

Answer 14

Which is a measure of the hindrance or opposition of blood flow through a vessel, caused by friction between the moving fluid and the stationary vascular walls.

Question 15

What three factors affect resistance?

Answer 15

1. viscosity of the blood
2. vessel length
3. vessel radius

Question 16

How does viscosity affect resistance?

Answer 16

Blood viscosity is contingent on the RBC content, and the greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance.

Question 17

How does radius affect resistance?

Answer 17

Larger radius imparts less resistance.

Question 18

What is the vascular tree?

Answer 18

Arteries branch into small arteries which branch into numerous arterioles when reaching the organ that is being supplied. These further branch into capillaries, then into venules, small veins then veins.

Question 19

What is the microcirculation?

Answer 19

The arterioles, capillaries and venules, located within the organs. Can only be seen by microscope.

Question 20

What is the general composition of blood vessel walls?

Answer 20

Alternating layers of connective tissue (both fibrous and elastic), smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells.

Question 21

What are the different layers?

Answer 21

tunica adventitia (outer layer), tunica media (middle layer), tunica intima (innermost layer) and sometimes the external elastic lamina (between the outermost and middle layer).

Question 22

What is the tunica adventitia?

Answer 22

The outermost layer, mainly composed of collagen-rich connective tissue.

Question 23

What is the tunica media?

Answer 23

Middle layer, thickest and contains circular arrangements of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells.

Question 24

What is the external elastic lamina?

Answer 24

Found in some vessels, between the adventitia and media. It is an elastic rich area.

Question 25

What is the tunica intima?

Answer 25

comprised of a single layer of endothelial cells (the endothelium) surrounded by a basement membrane of connective tissues, and in some vessels, an additional layer of elastic fibres called the internal elastic lamina.

Question 26

What are arteries specialized for?

Answer 26

1. Serve as rapid-transient passageways for blood from the heart to the organs.
2. act as pressure reservoirs to provide the force to drive blood during ventricular diastole

Question 27

Arterial connective tissue contains an abundance of two types of connective tissue. What are they?

Answer 27

Collage fibres, which provide tensile strength against the high driving pressure of blood ejected from the heart.
Elastin fibres, which give the arterial walls elasticity.

Question 28

What is the process of blood reservoir?

Answer 28

When the heart contracts, blood is forced through the arteries. However, the smaller arteries only allow 1/3 of the blood through, thus the larger arteries elastin fibres lead the artery to stretch, to store the blood. Then, during diastole, the walls recoil and force the blood onward.

Question 29

What is blood pressure?

Answer 29

The force exerted by the blood against the vessel wall.

Question 30

What is blood pressure dependent on?

Answer 30

1-volume of blood contained in the blood vessel

2-the compliance (how easily the vessel can be stretched) of the vessel wall

Question 31

What is the maximum pressure in the arteries?

Answer 31

Systolic pressure, avg of 120 torr.

Question 32

What is the minimum pressure within the arteries?

Answer 32

Diastolic pressure, avg. of 80 torr.

Question 33

How can blood pressure be measured?

Answer 33

Using a sphygmomanometer. (fuck this word)

Question 34

Where is the sphygmomanometer applied?

Answer 34

To the brachial artery.

Question 35

What other instrument is used with a sphygmomanometer?

Answer 35

A stethoscope.

Question 36

What is the general process of blood pressure determination?

Answer 36

Cuff is inflated until circulation is cut off in the brachial artery. Then pressure in the cuff is decreased. The first sound heard by the stethoscope corresponds to the small amount of blood that leaves through the partially closed artery-this is the systolic pressure. The last sound heard (during the systole, diastole cycle) corresponds to the diastolic pressure.

Question 37

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 37

The pulse that can be felt in an artery close to the surface of the skin is due to the difference in systolic and diastolic pressure. So in normal conditions, it is 40 torr.

Question 38

What is the mean arterial pressure?

Answer 38

Average pressure driving blood forward into the tissues throughout the cardiac cycle. Mean arterial pressure remains closer to diastolic pressure. A method to calculate it is diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure. (so 93 in normal conditions)

Question 39

What is hypertension?

Answer 39

Chronically high blood pressure,

Question 40

What are the two types of hypertension?

Answer 40

Secondary-occurs secondary to another primary problem or

Primary- in which the cause is unknown but is highly genetic.

Question 41

How can primary hypertension be hastened?

Answer 41

Stress, Obesity, smoking, dietary habits.

Question 42

What does hypertension do, in terms of the heart, and blood vessels?

Answer 42

Increased the workload of the heart because it is pumping against higher arterial pressure. This pressure can lead to rupturing of vessels.

Question 43

How do beta blockers decrease blood pressure?

Answer 43

Block beta-adrenergic receptors and decrease the effects of sympathetic stimulation through adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Question 44

How does a reduction in calcium decrease blood pressure?

Answer 44

Allows for relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels to allow vasodilation, and decrease in blood pressure.