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Short Questions - Past papers Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the process of digestion in the mouth.

A
  1. amylase;
  2. starch;
  3. maltose / glucose;
  4. physical digestion / mechanical digestion / chewing eq;
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2
Q

Describe ingestion.

A

food enters the mouth

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3
Q

Describe digestion.

A

break down large molecules / large molecules to small molecules / insoluble to soluble molecules;

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4
Q

Describe absorption.

A

small molecules move from small intestine into the blood

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5
Q

Describe assimilation/synthesis.

A

small food molecules are used to **build large molecules **

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6
Q

Describe egestion.

A

removal of undigested food / faeces / waste from anus;

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7
Q

Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause mutations in cells which can lead to cancer.
What is meant by the term mutation?

A
  1. rare / random;
  2. change / damage / eq;
  3. DNA / gene / allele / genetic code / eq;

random change in cell.

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8
Q

** Emphysema** is a lung disease that is usually caused by smoking.

Explain the effect of emphysema on gas exchange.

A
  1. less surface area;
  2. slower diffusion / less diffusion / less gas exchange;
  3. less oxygen / less carbon dioxide;
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9
Q

Smoking can increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
Explain how coronary heart disease can cause death.

A
  1. blocked / narrowed / clogged / eq;
  2. coronary artery;
  3. clot;
  4. fat / cholesterol;
  5. less blood to heart;
  6. less oxygen / less oxygenated;
  7. muscle (cells);
  8. less respiration / anaerobic respiration;
  9. lactic acid / angina;
  10. heart attack / heart stops / cardiac arrest / eq;
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10
Q

Describe how altitude affects the mass of haemoglobin in human blood.

A

From altitude 0 to 1000 meters, no change in mass of haemoglobin in blood. Above 1000 meters, the mass of haemoglobin in blood increase.

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11
Q

Suggest why a long distance athlete who trains at high altitude may have a better chance of winning than a long distance athlete who trains at sea level.

A
  1. more haemoglobin / more red blood cells;
  2. (more) oxygen;
  3. (more) respiration;
  4. (more) energy / (more) ATP;
  5. **less lactic acid / oxygen debt / less anaerobic
    respiration; **
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12
Q

Scientists obtain blood samples from an athlete’s vein. To do this they use a sterile needle attached to a syringe.
(i) Suggest two reasons why scientists obtain blood samples from a vein rather
than from an artery.

A
  1. lower pressure / slower blood flow / less blood flow /eq;
  2. thinner wall;
  3. easier to see / nearer surface / easier to access / eq;
  4. wider lumen;
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13
Q

Suggest one reason why the scientists could not obtain a blood sample from a capillary.

A

too small / eq;

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14
Q

Suggest why the needle used to obtain a blood sample needs to be sterile.

A
  1. no pathogens / bacteria / virus / microorganism /parasite / named virus / HIV / eq;
  2. infection / disease / illness / AIDS; (can be spread by dirty needles)
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15
Q

Antibiotics are chemicals used to kill pathogens that cause infections.

** (i) Name the type of organism that make antibiotics.**

A

** fungi / bacteria / Penicillium; **

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16
Q

Name the type of pathogen that is killed by antibiotics.

A

bacteria;

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17
Q

Some antibiotics are no longer effective in killing pathogens. Use your knowledge of natural selection to explain why.

A
  1. mutation;
  2. variation;
  3. gene / allele / DNA;
  4. survive / not killed / eq;
  5. resistant;
  6. reproduce / multiply / replicate / breed / produce offspring / eq;
  7. pass on gene / allele / DNA;
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18
Q

The human kidney acts as an organ of excretion and an organ of osmoregulation.

What is meant by the term osmoregulation?

A

maintain/control/balance water/salt/concentration (of blood / of body / of cells) / eq;

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19
Q

Name one other organ in the human body that is an organ of excretion.

A

lungs / skin / liver;

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20
Q

Name one substance that is found in urine.

A

water / urea / salt / mineral / named ion / eq;

21
Q

Explain how the kidney ensures that there is no protein in urine.

A
  • *1. large molecules / too big (to pass through);
    2. (ultra) filtration / pressure / eq;
    3. glomerulus / Bowman’s capsule;
    4. stay in blood / eq;**
22
Q

Explain why the body does not excrete glucose and how this is achieved by the kidney.

A
  1. respiration / eq;
  2. energy / ATP;
  3. (selective) reabsorption / back into blood / eq;
  4. proximal convoluted tubule / first coiled tubule / eq;
  5. active transport / active uptake;
23
Q

Explain how plants absorb water from the soil and transport the water to their leaves.

A
  1. osmosis;
  2. dilute solution to concentrated solution / eq;
  3. root hair cells;
  4. xylem;
  5. transpiration / evaporation / diffusion of water from leaves;
24
Q

Some useful substances are dissolved in the water that is taken up by plants.
Name one of these substances.

A

(named) mineral / mineral ion / salt / eq; ignore nutrients / nitrogen / phosphorus

25
Q

Give two environmental conditions you could vary in the laboratory when investigating the rate of water uptake by a leafy shoot.
For each condition describe how you could obtain a range of different values.

A

must state / describe method not just hot and cold room or light and dark
max 2 for conditions

  1. wind + how varied / eq;; eg fan at high and low speed
  2. light + how varied / eq;; eg lamp close and far
  3. humidity + how varied / eq;; eg clear plastic bag
  4. temp + how varied / eq;; eg air conditioning / room thermostat
26
Q

To produce large amounts of human insulin the genetically modified bacteria are grown in a fermenter.

Describe an investigation to find out if temperature affects the amount of insulin made by genetically modified bacteria.

Your answer should include experimental details and be written in full sentences and paragraphs.

A

C different temps / range of temps;
O same species / same bacteria / mass /amount / number of bacteria;
R repeat;
M1 measure insulin;
M2 concentration / mass / volume;
S1 + S2 same pH / food / oxygen / timeperiod /type of fermenter / sterile / eq;;

27
Q

Plants can respond to drought by closing their stomata.
Suggest how a plant benefits from closing its stomata when less water is available in the soil.

A

less/no transpiration / less water loss / less evaporation / prevent wilting /prevent flaccid cells / eq;

28
Q

Explain the disadvantages to the plant of closing its stomata.

A

1. less/no carbon dioxide;
2. photosynthesis;
3. less glucose / starch / carbohydrate;
4. less cooling /
less transport of water /
less transport of mineral ions;

29
Q

Insulin is an important hormone.

Name the organ that produces insulin.

A

pancreas

30
Q

State the role of insulin in the body.

A
  1. lower / reduce / regulate / maintain / control / eq;
  2. blood sugar / blood glucose;
  3. glycogen;
31
Q

Describe how bacteria can be genetically modified to produce human insulin.

A
  1. human gene / human DNA / human allele;
  2. restriction / endonuclease;
  3. plasmid;
  4. vector;
  5. same restriction enzyme;
  6. recombinant;
  7. ligase;
32
Q

Some types of algae are microscopic organisms that can carry out photosynthesis.
They produce most of their biomass as fats and oils. If these algae could be grown
in large numbers it might help to solve the world’s energy crisis because the fats and
oils could be turned into biofuel.

    • Describe and explain the conditions needed to successfully grow large numbers of
      algae. **
A
  1. magnesium;
  2. chlorophyll / chloroplasts;
  3. nitrate;
  4. amino acids / proteins / DNA / genetic material;
  5. minerals / ions / salts / other named mineral /
    fertiliser / eq;
  6. (sun)light;
  7. carbon dioxide;
  8. warmth / temperature / eq;
  9. enzymes;
33
Q

The iris contains muscle tissue.
What is meant by the term tissue?

A

same/similar cells / cells with the same function/ all muscle cells / eq;

34
Q

Caffeine causes the change in human heart rate. In humans this is because caffeine stimulates the release of a hormone. Name this hormone.

A

adrenalin

35
Q

Describe the changes that take place in the iris when moving into the dark room and explain how they help you to see more clearly.

A
  1. radial muscles contract / circular muscles relax;
  2. pupil dilates / widens / gets bigger / iris gets smaller / eq;
  3. more light can enter;
36
Q

Name vitamins/minerals that are important for the development of bones in the fetus of the pregnant woman.

A
  1. calcium / Ca;
  2. vitamin D;
  3. protein;
37
Q

Suggest two reasons why a pregnant woman needs more energy than a
non-pregnant woman.

A
  1. more mass / heavier / extra weight;
  2. growth / development / division / respiration of fetus / eq;

No mark will be rewarded if you answered:

she has a fetus alone = 0 / she needs to feed the fetus = 0 / more energy to carry baby = 0 / energy for fetus = 0
ignore prevent anaemia / more iron for baby

38
Q

Suggest why the daily intake of iron is higher for a pregnant woman than a non-pregnant woman.

A
  • *1. red blood cells;
    2. haemoglobin;
    3. oxygen;
    4. respiration;**
39
Q

Plants need water to survive.
(a) Name the two parts of a plant cell where most water is found.

A

cytoplasm;
vacuole;

40
Q

Plants absorb water from the soil through their roots.
(i) In the space draw a labelled diagram of a root hair cell.

A
  1. shape;
    Then three from:
  2. cell wall;
  3. cell membrane;
  4. nucleus;
  5. vacuole;
  6. cytoplasm;
41
Q

Explain how the structure of the root hair cell is adapted to absorb water from
the soil.

A
  1. large surface area;
  2. permeable membrane;
  3. osmosis / diffusion;

ignore thin / long

ignore active
transport

42
Q

Plants also absorb mineral ions from the soil.

What are magnesium ions used for in plants?

A

chlorophyll / chloroplast;

43
Q

What are nitrate ions used for in plants?

A
  1. amino acids / protein / enzymes;
  2. growth;
  3. DNA / bases;
  4. chlorophyll / eq;
44
Q

(i) Where is amylase made?
(ii) Where are faeces stored?
(iii) Where is protein digested?

A

(i) 2 places
(ii) 1 place
(iii) 2 places

45
Q

Describe and explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for absorbing digested food. 5 marks

A
  1. long;
  2. villi / villus / microvilli;
  3. increase surface area / eq;
  4. diffusion / active transport / osmosis;
  5. capillaries;
  6. (blood flow) maintains concentration gradient / maintains diffusion gradient;
  7. thin walls / one cell thick / short distance; (applies to villi or capillaries)
  8. lacteal(s);
46
Q

A balanced diet is important to maintain good health.
(i) Suggest the consequences of having a diet that lacks fresh fruit and fibre.

A
  1. lack vitamin C / antioxidant / scurvy /
    bleeding gums / eq;
  2. constipation / less food movement /
    * * bowel cancer** / raised cholesterol /
    * * increase heart disease** / eq;
47
Q

Suggest the consequences of having a diet that contains too much fat.

A
  1. obesity / increase in weight / eq;
  2. blockage of arteries;
  3. high blood pressure / stroke / heart disease / raised cholesterol / eq;
  4. diabetes;
  5. joint damage / arthritis / eq;
    * *6. gall stones**;
48
Q

Place the following human structures in order of size from the smallest to the largest.

liver red blood cell eye white blood cell kidney

A

Smallest —> largest

red blood cell -> white blood cell -> eye -> kidney -> liver

49
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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