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Short Answers Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Chickenpox

A

Highly contagious illness cause by primary infection with Varicella Zoster Virus.
Starts with vesicular rash on the head and body rather than periphery.
Becomes itchy, raw pockmarks which mostly heal without scarring

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2
Q

What are the 3 main factors to determine progress of delivery?

A

3 “P”s
Pusher: is the mother’s ability to bear down hampered.
Power: is there suitable contractile strength?
Passenger: Is there foetal distress? Is there any presentation? Are there signs of macrosomia?

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3
Q

Describe Eczema

A

Eczema (to boil over) is a form of dermatitis or inflammation of the epidermis

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4
Q

What is Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A

HSP also know as anaphylactoid purpura and purpura rheumatica is a disease of the skin and other organs that normally effect children.
Causes palpablepurpura(small haemorrhages oftin with joint and abdo pain.
May cause blood and protein in the urine. May proceed to chronic kidney disease(rare). May be proceeded by pharyngitis.

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5
Q

What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

A

ITP is the condition of having an abnormally low platelet count(Thrombocytopenic) of unknown cause).
Related to the production of antibodies against platelets.
Can lead to increased risk of bleeding and purpura.

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6
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

Highly contagious bacterial skin infection most common among pre-school children.
Also known as school sores.
People who play close contact sports are susceptible.

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7
Q

Describe measles

A

Also known as morbilli is an infection of the respiratory system caused by morbillivirus.
Negative sense RNA virus.
Symptoms: fever, cough, runny nose, red eye.
Maculopapular erythematous rash.

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8
Q

What is Radial to Redial delay a sign of?

A

Aortic Disection or

Stenosis

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9
Q

What is xanthomata?

A

A yellowish lipid filled nodule often on the eyelid or over a joint.
It is a sign of hypercholesterolaemia.

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10
Q

What are osler’s nodes?

A

Painful red raised lesions found on te hands and feet.

They are a sign of endocarditis.

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11
Q

What is Caput Medusa?

A

Veins around the bellybutton(umbilicus) suggestive of chronic liver disease

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12
Q

What is iatrogenic pneumothorax?

A

Pneuemothorax caused by the Practitioner

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13
Q

What is Compartment Syndrome?

A

Limb injury with increased pressure around the site of injury or distal to that injury

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14
Q

Describe PreLoad

A

Basically, preload is stretch. The amount of volume being returned to the right side of the heart from systemic circulation. Afterload is squeeze. The amount of resistance the left side of the heart has to overcome in order to eject blood.

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15
Q

What is Cushings Triad?

A

Occurs with increased ICP(Head Injury)
Hypertension(widening pulse pressure)
Bradycardia
Irregular Resps

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16
Q

What is Becks Triad?

A

Associated with Cardiac Tamponade
Muffled Heart Sounds
Jugular Vein Distension
Hypotension(narrowing pulse pressure)

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17
Q

What factors effect Preload

A 
CV MATTE
Complience of the ventricals and pericardium.
Venous Return
Myocardial wall thickness
Atrial Contraction
Total blood volume
Total peripheral resistance
End diastolic filling pressure
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18
Q

What factors effect Afterload

A 
POSH
Pulse pressure
Output impedance
Stroke Volume
Hypertrophy
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19
Q

What is the Mean Arterial Pressure(MAP) for Kidneys to work

A

65

MAP = (Systolic - Diastolic)/3 +Diastolic

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20
Q

What are the 6 Hs & Ts of Cardiac arrest

A 
Hydogen Ion acidosis
Hypokolaemia
Hyperkolaemia
Hypovolaemia
Hypoxia
Hypothermia
Thrombus Pulmonary
Thrombus Coronary
Tension Pneumothorax
Tamponade(Cardiac)
Toxins
Trauma
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21
Q

What are the characters in the chain of infection?

A 
Infectious Agent
Resevoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Suseptible Host
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22
Q

Equation for working out Guttae(drip rate)

A

Volume/Time x gtt rate

23
Q

What are the signs of pre-eclampsia

A
  1. increased blood pressure
  2. protein in the urine
  3. weight gain or oedema
24
Q

6 pre terminal signs in paediatrics?

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Hypotension
  3. Cynosis
  4. Silent Chest
  5. Mottling
  6. Delayed cap refill
25
Q

What are the 5 stages of loss?

A
  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
26
Q

What are the compoents of Systemmic Inflammatory Response Syndrome(SIRS)

A

Must be manifested by 2 or more of the following:

  1. Temp>38.3 or < 36degrees
  2. HR > 90bpm
  3. RR > 20/min or PaCO2 < 4.27kPa
  4. WBC > 12000 or < 4000
  5. New altered level of consciousness
  6. BGL > 6.6mmol/L(in absence if diabetes)
27
Q

What are components of Sepsis?

A

SIRS + infection

  1. Positive CXR
  2. Positive U/A
  3. Cellulitis/Absess
  4. Positive blood culture
28
Q

What are the components of Severe Sepsis

A

B SPOIL
Signs of organ Dysfunction(non-chronic)

  1. Bilirubin >34
  2. Systolic BP < 65mmHg
  3. Platelets < 100
  4. Oliguria < 0.5mls/kg for 2 hrs
  5. INR > 1.5
  6. Lactade > 2
29
Q

What is the SEPSIS SIX

A
  1. 100% oxygen
  2. IV Fluids
  3. Give antibiotics as per local guidelines.
  4. Blood cultures
  5. Bloods including Lactade,FBC, U&E, coagulation screen and glucose.
  6. Urine and accurate hourly output.
30
Q

What changes occur to body during pregnancy?

A 
THUMP C CHEW
Tender swollen breasts
Headache
Upset stomach and vomiting
Mood swings
Polyuria

Cravings

Constipation
Heartburn
Extreme tiredness
Weightgain

31
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

Provide the conduit between the fetus and the placenta. It contains 2 arteries and 1 vein and is suspended in Wharton’s jelly. The vein supplies the fetus with oxgenated blood and nutrients from the placenta while the arteries return deoxygenated and nutrient depleted blood back to the placenta.

32
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Involved in exchange of substances between maternal and fetal circulation i.e glucose, water, antibodies, fatty acids and amino acids.
Prevents mother having an imune response if baby’s blood type is different.
Acts as a buffer from mothers BP.

33
Q

What are contraindications for a traction splint?

A

FF HIP

  1. Fracture of the pelvis
  2. Fracture of the knee
  3. Partial amputation
  4. Injuries to the lower third of lower leg
  5. Hip injury that prohibits normal alignment.
34
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Visceral organs share neurons transmitting sensations from the skin. These neurons may incorrectly interpret the source of the pain.

35
Q

What are the 12 Cranial nerves?

A 
Oh,Oh,Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen.
Oflactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory/Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
36
Q

What is meant by capacity?

A

Is the ability of the patient to receieve and understand the implications of any condition and reverbalise same back to the practitioner.

37
Q

What are the 6 Hs & Ts of Cardiac arrest

A 
Hydogen Ion acidosis
Hypokolaemia
Hyperkolaemia
Hypovolaemia
Hypoxia
Hypothermia
Thrombus Pulmonary
Thrombus Coronary
Tension Pneumothorax
Tamponade(Cardiac)
Toxins
Trauma
38
Q

What are the characters in the chain of infection?

A 
Infectious Agent
Resevoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Suseptible Host
39
Q

Equation for working out Guttae(drip rate)

A

Volume/Time x gtt rate

40
Q

What are the signs of pre-eclampsia

A
  1. increased blood pressure
  2. protein in the urine
  3. weight gain or oedema
41
Q

6 pre terminal signs in paediatrics?

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Hypotension
  3. Cynosis
  4. Silent Chest
  5. Mottling
  6. Delayed cap refill
42
Q

What are the 5 stages of loss?

A
  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
43
Q

What are the compoents of Systemmic Inflammatory Response Syndrome(SIRS)

A

Must be manifested by 2 or more of the following:

  1. Temp>38.3 or < 36degrees
  2. HR > 90bpm
  3. RR > 20/min or PaCO2 < 4.27kPa
  4. WBC > 12000 or < 4000
  5. New altered level of consciousness
  6. BGL > 6.6mmol/L(in absence if diabetes)
44
Q

What are components of Sepsis?

A

SIRS + infection

  1. Positive CXR
  2. Positive U/A
  3. Cellulitis/Absess
  4. Positive blood culture
45
Q

What are the components of Severe Sepsis

A

Signs of organ Dysfunction(non-chronic)

  1. Systolic BP < 65mmHg
  2. Lactade > 2
  3. Oliguria < 0.5mls/kg for 2 hrs
  4. Billirubin > 34
  5. Platelets < 100
  6. INR > 1.5
46
Q

What is the SEPSIS SIX

A
  1. 100% oxygen
  2. IV Fluids
  3. Give antibiotics as per local guidelines.
  4. Blood cultures
  5. Bloods including Lactade,FBC, U&E, coagulation screen and glucose.
  6. Urine and accurate hourly output.
47
Q

What changes occur to body during pregnancy?

A 
THUMP C CHEW
Tender swollen breasts
Headache
Upset stomach and vomiting
Mood swings
Polyuria

Cravings

Constipation
Heartburn
Extreme tiredness
Weightgain

48
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

Provide the conduit between the fetus and the placenta. It contains 2 arteries and 1 vein and is suspended in Wharton’s jelly. The vein supplies the fetus with oxgenated blood and nutrients from the placenta while the arteries return deoxygenated and nutrient depleted blood back to the placenta.

49
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Involved in exchange of substances between maternal and fetal circulation i.e glucose, water, antibodies, fatty acids and amino acids.
Prevents mother having an imune response if baby’s blood type is different.
Acts as a buffer from mothers BP.

50
Q

What are contraindications for a traction splint?

A
  1. Fracture of the pelvis
  2. Fracture of the knee
  3. Partial amputation
  4. Injuries to the lower third of lower leg
  5. Hip injury that prohibits normal alignment.
51
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Visceral organs share neurons transmitting sensations from the skin. These neurons may incorrectly interpret the source of the pain.

52
Q

What are the 12 Cranial nerves?

A 
Oh,Oh,Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen.
Oflactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory/Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
53
Q

What is meant by capacity?

A

Is the ability of the patient to receieve and understand the implications of any condition and reverbalise same back to the practitioner.

Short Answer Questions (7 decks)

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