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Pharmacology > Short answer questions > Flashcards

Short answer questions Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drug is Indapamide

A

a thiazide-like diuretic

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2
Q

What is indapamide used for

A

Hypertension

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Indapamide

A

It increases sodium excretion, which causes a reduction in plasma volume and reduction in cardiac output. It decreases peripheral resistance (mechanism of action unknown)

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4
Q

How effective is Indapamide for mild to severe hypertension?

A

alone for mild to moderate hypertension. In combination with other drugs for severe hypertension (eg with a K+ sparing diuretic or ACE inhibitor)

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5
Q

What group of drug are statin drugs from?

A

Lipid lowering drugs - HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors

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6
Q

What are statin drugs used for?

A

Hyperlipidaemia (ie high blood cholesterol levels)

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7
Q

How do statin drugs reduce cholesterol production?

A

They inhibit the enzyme HMG CoA-reductase which catalyses the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonate (an essential precursor to cholesterol).

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8
Q

How do statin drugs reduce plasma cholesterol?

A

Hepatocytes upregulate LDL receptors, increasing clearance of LDL and VLDL from plasma.

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9
Q

For what 3 reasons are corticosteroid drugs given?

A
  1. To suppress inflammation (anti-inflammatory)
  2. to suppress immune response (immunosuppression)
  3. replacement therapy (Eg Addison’s disease - adrenal insufficiency)
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10
Q

Name 5 instances when corticosteroid drugs are indicated

A
  1. prevent transplant rejection after organ or tissue transplants
  2. haematological malignancies (ie blood, lymph cancer)
  3. severe allergic reactions, inclu asthma, urticaria, anaphylactic reactions
  4. autoimmune diseases (RA)
    5.chronic inflammatory conditions in skin, gut, liver, eye
  5. in neoplastic disease (ie cancer) when terminal
    to decrease cerebral oedema
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11
Q

Name 5 metabolic effects of cortisol

A

increases blood glucose
increases gluconeogenesis
protein catabolism - breaks down muscle
increases blood fat level (lypolysis)
redistributes fat (‘moon face’‘buffalo hump’
decreases calcium absorption and increases excretion - leads to osteoporosis
decreases inflammation

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12
Q

Name the 9 fight or flight response physiological changes to body

A

increase HR and force of contraction
constriction of BV in most viscera and skin
dilation of BV in heart, brain, lungs and skeletal muscles
glycogenolysis
sweating
dilation of airways
reduced digestive and reproductive activities
water retention and increased BP

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13
Q

How can corticosteroids be administered? and give one example

A

oral, injection, topical, inhaled, rectal - eg hydrocortisone - usually topical

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14
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of corticosteroids?

A

reduced inflammatory response - through reduction in inflammatory mediators and reduction in neutrophil and macrophage function.
reduced immunological response - through reduced B cells and T cells (leads to impaired immunity)

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15
Q

how does a reduced inflammatory response and reduction in inflammatory mediators result in reduced neutrophil and macrophage function?

A

a reduction in inflammatory mediators inhibits chemotaxis. A reduction in chemotaxis inhibits activation and communication between WBC’s by interfering with production of lymphokines.

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16
Q

What effects do corticosteroids have on metabolism?

A

Affects CHO and protein metabolism, fluid and electrolyte balance, and lipid metabolism.

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17
Q

What effect do corticosteroids have on protein metabolism?

A

increased catabolism of protein - muscle breakdown

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18
Q

what effects do corticosteroids have on fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

excess cortisol increases absorption of sodium by kidney tubules, and increases excretion of potassium. This leads to fluid retention.

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19
Q

What effect do corticosteroids have on lipid metabolism?

A

Cause lipolysis (fat breakdown) from peripheral areas and redistribute centrally - face, neck shoulders and abdomen - ‘buffalo hump’, ‘moon face’ - Cushing’s syndrome.

20
Q

What is the lack of cortisol and excess cortisol diseases called?

A

Addison’s Disease and Cushing’s disease

21
Q

What is a bacteriocidal antibiotic?

A

One that kills bacteria

22
Q

What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

One that stops bacteria from growing

23
Q

What infections do antibiotics treat?

A

Those caused by bacteria/fungi.

24
Q

What are the four mechanisms of action of antibiotics and are they bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A
  • (bacteriocidal)
  • disrupt membrane permeability - (both)
  • inhibit protein synthesis (both)
  • inhibit bacterial synthesis of essential metabolites (bacteriostatic)
25
Q

What is penicillin’s mechanism of action?

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillin contains a beta-lactam ring which inhibits transpeptidase enzymes that cross-link glycan strands. The bacterial enzyme uses the beta-lactam ring in building the bacterial cell wall, weakens it resulting in cell lysis and death.

26
Q

How does bacterial resistance to penicillin work?

A

Some bacteria produce beta-lactamase enzymes that break down the beta-lactam ring, rendering the antibiotic ineffective.

27
Q

How have pharmacologists countered penicillin resistance? give an example

A

By adding beta-lactamase inhibitors to antibiotics (eg clavulanate - Augmentain contains penicillin and clavulanate).

28
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Use of drugs to interfere with cellular replication causing cell death.

29
Q

What are the three mechanisms that chemo drugs interfere with cell replication?

A
  • initiate oxidative damage
  • prevent cell division
  • DNA damage
30
Q

What are 4 effects of chemotherapy?

A
  • control tumour growth
  • reduce cell proliferation
  • initiate oxidative damage
  • prevent cell division
  • cause DNA damage
31
Q

What is the disadvantage of chemotherapy?

A
  • normal cells are also affected (especially rapidly dividing ones) eg bone marrow, hair follicles, and skin, GIT epithelium, reproductive system.
32
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy?

A
  • hair loss
  • GIT distress - nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, inflammation of mucous membranes of GIT and mouth
  • fever
  • toxic effects - renal, hepatic, cardiac or neurological
  • bone marrow suppression (leukopenia, anaemia, haemorrhage (from decreased platelets)
33
Q

name a penicillin drug (group, drug type)

A

moderate spectrum beta-lactamase-sensitive amino-penicillin: amoxycillin.

34
Q

What type of bacteria does this penicillin drug work on?

A

gram positive and some gram negative bacteria. Can be combined with clavulanate to work against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.

35
Q

What antibiotic is useful for people sensitive to penicillins?

A

Cephalosporins eg cephalothin, cephalexin

36
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

Drugs taken orally travel from the GIT via the hepatic portal system to the liver where metabolism occurs, reducing the amount of drug available for the systemic circulation.

37
Q

When are bile-acid binding resins used?

A

To lower cholesterol levels

38
Q

How do bile acid binding sequestrants work?

A

They bind bile acids in the intestine, and bile acids are excreted in the stool thus preventing its reabsorption in the gut. Bile acids are synthesised from cholesterol, so this reduces the amount of bile acids returning to the liver and forces the liver to increase production of bile acids from cholesterol. It also upregulates LDL receptors in the liver, increasing uptake of LDL cholesterol from plasma. This decreases plasma levels of cholesterol.

39
Q

What is an example of a bile-acid binding drug?

A

Cholestyramine

40
Q

How much do bile acid binding drugs reduce cholesterol by?

A

modest LDL cholesterol lowering effects (25%)

41
Q

What are the ADR of bile acid binding resins?

A

GIT, deficiencies in fat soluble vitamins, deficiencies in EFAs.

42
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K in the body?

A

Involved in the blood clotting cascade.

43
Q

The production of what depends on vitamin K? (be very specific)

A

Synthesis of prothrombin (factor II) and factors XII, XI and X.

44
Q

What disorders does a deficiency of Vitamin K lead to?

A

hypoprothrombinaemia and haemorrhage.

45
Q

Why is Vitamin K given to newborns at birth?

A

It is manufactured by bacteria in the gut. Newborns lack the gut bacteria and are deficient, making them susceptible to haemorrhage.

46
Q

When would vitamin K be given?

A

For newborns at birth, spontaneous haemmorhage, antidote for warfarin

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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