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Pharmacology Exam 2 > Shokry Material > Flashcards

Shokry Material Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibitory Hormone of the Hypothalamus that Inhibits Growth Hormone

A

Somatostatin

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1
Q

Luteinizing Hormone or ____ can be used to Induce Ovulation in Cats and Mares

A

GnRH

*GnRH has the Effect of Luteinizing Hormone on the Body. Mainly Cats and Mare have trouble Inducing Ovulation because LH is too Low

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1
Q

Progestin Approved in Mares for Suppression of Estrus (Contraception) and Synchronization of Estrous Cycle to Maintain Pregnancy

A

Altrenogest

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1
Q

Drug of Choice to Induce Parturition in the Mare

A

Oxytocin

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1
Q

Glucocorticoids cause ____ in the Uterus

A

Contraction

*Mimics the Fetal Glucocorticoids

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1
Q

Estrogen releases a Hormone called _____, Which leads to Dilation of the Cervix during Labor

A

Relaxin

*Relaxin and Prostaglandins Lead to Cervix Softening and Dilation

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1
Q

Three Prostaglandin Analogs that Increases Uveoscleral Outflow by Stimulating FP receptors in the Eye that is used Topically to Treat Open-Angle Glaucoma

A

Latanoprost

Travoprost

Bimatoprost

*Lowers Intraocular Pressure

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2
Q

Hormone used to Treat Pituitary Dwarfism in Dogs

A

Somatotropin

*Growth Hormone

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4
Q

______ is given IV for the Treatment of Ruminal Systemic Acidosis

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

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4
Q

Increasing Levels of ____ will cause Rupture of the Follicle, a Decrease in Estrogen, and a change into Corpus Hemorrhagicum and Eventually into Corpus Luteum

A

LH

*Luteinizing Hormone- LH surge leading to Rupture of the Follicle

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4
Q

When the Female becomes Pregnant, the Corpus Luteum Phase will produce _____that will stop the Estrus Cycle by Inhibing GnrH, which will in turn Inhibit FSH and the Estrus Cycle until Pregnancy is Over

A

Progesteron

*Progesteron stops the Estrus Cycle to maintian Pregnancy

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4
Q

Drugs that act as Dopamine Agonists that inhibits Prolactin leading to Luteolysis causing Termination of Pregnancy and Stimulation of Motility of the Female Reproductive Tract

A

Prolactin Inhibitors

*Corpus Luteum produces Progesterone which Maintains Pregnancy, so without the Corpus Luteum Pregnancy cannot be maintained

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4
Q

Hormone Approved for use in Cattle to Increase Milk Production and Enhance Growth

A

Somatotropin

*Growth Hormone

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5
Q

Four Drugs used to Prevent Heartworm Disease in Dogs

A

Ivermectin

Milbemycin Oxime

Moxidectin

Selamectin

*Prevention is the Most common Approach, rather than Treatment

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6
Q

Two Cholinergic Drugs that are used to Stimulate Rumen Motility and Treat Ruminal Atony

A

Bethanechol- Oral

Neostigmine- Injection SQ

*Parasympathomimetics- Can cause Bradycardia. Many Side effects so these Drugs are not Recommended

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6
Q

____ are used in Adjuctive Therapy in the Treatment of Pyometra

A

PGF 2 Alpha- Prostaglandin

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6
Q

Both Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone acts on Androgen Receptors, which can lead to____ Enlargment

A

Prostate

*Dihydrotesterone leads to Prostate Enlargment

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6
Q

Drugs Inhibit the Parasitic Neuronal System by Binding to What Two Channels?

A

GABA

Glutamate Channels

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6
Q

Drug used To Treat Adult Heartworm Disease in Dogs- Adulticidal Therapy. Used only in Dogs with a Recommened Strict Rest for 3-4 Weeks

A

Melarsomine

*Given Intramuscularly. Rest is Very Important or else they can Die after Treatment

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6
Q

Serotonin Antagonist that works as a 5-HT3 receptor Antagonist that is used to Prevent and Treat Anticancer Chemotherapy induced Nausea and Vomiting

A

Ondansetron

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7
Q

True/False: Cabergoline is more Effective and has Fewer Side Effects than Bromocriptine

A

True

*Cabergoline is Better Prolactin Inhibitor

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7
Q

Drugs that Inhibit Converstion of Testosterone into Dihydrotestosterone leading to Shrinkage of the Prostate

A

5 alpha Reductase Inhibitors

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9
Q

Hormone Given to Stimulate Follicular Growth in Anestrus Animals

A

FSH

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9
Q

Two Progestin Growth Promoters in Cattle

A

Progesterone-Estradiol Benzoate- Skin Implant

Melengesterol- Feed Additive

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9
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitor leading to Accumulation of ACH Leading to Depolarization of the Neuromuscular System and Paralysis in Parasites

A

Dichlorvos

*Acts Indirectly on Nicotonic Receptors

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10
Q

During Estrus and Proestrus ____ Increases along with Estrogen and Progestrone Decreases. During Metestrus and Diestrus, _____ Decreases along with Estrogen as Progestrone Increases

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

*During Metestrus and Diestrus there is High Progesterone Levels- Pregnancy

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10
Q

Prolactin Inhibotors used for Treating Mismating in the Bitch and Queen

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

*Terminates Undesirable Pregnancy

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11
Q

Oxytocin, Estrogen, and PGF 2 Alpha can all be Used to Expel a retained _____

A

Placenta

*Placenta Hasn’t come out 24 Hours after Parturition

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11
Q

True/False: GnRH agonsits and GnRH antagonists can be given to Decrease the amount of GnRH provided in the Hypothalamas leading to Decreased Testosterone

A

True

*Negative Feedback Loop- GnRH agonists increase GnRH too much leading to Negative Feedback and ultimately inhibition of GnRH. You can inhibit Androgen by giving a High dose of GnRH or giving a GnRH antagonist

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11
Q

Drug that Inhibits 5 Alpha Reductase that Leads to Shrinkage of the Prostate

A

Finasteride

*Prevents Convertion of Testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone

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12
Q

Estrogen that is Combined with Progesterone or Testosterone for Growth Promotion in Cattle

A

Estradiol

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13
Q

Adverse Effects of What drugs lead to Ovarian Suppression followed by Follicular Cysts, Vaginal and Uterine Prolapse, Abortion, Feminization in Males, and Pyometra

A

Estrogens

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14
Q

Serious Adverse Effect of Estrogens in Small Animals

A

Aplastic Anemia and Leukopenia

*Bone Marrow Suppression

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16
Q

Two Agents that Close the Esophageal Groove

A

Copper Sulfate Orally

Sodium Bicarbonate Orally (10%)

*Copper Sulfate Given 5% in Cattle and 2% in Sheep

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16
Q

Drugs Inhibit The Neuronal System in the Parasite, by Binding to which Two Ligand Gated Channels leading to Increased Chloride Membrane Conductance and Hyperpolarization resulting in Flaccid Paralysis of the Somatic Muscles and Pharyngeal Pump. Ultimately Death in Nematodes and Arthropods

A

GABA

Glutamate Channels

*Inhibit the Neuronal System only in Nematodes and Arthropods.

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17
Q

True/False: While GnRH released both FSH and LH, its clinical effects are the same as LH

A

True

*Clinical uses of GnRH are very similar to LH

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18
Q

Drugs that Destroy the Corpus Luteum Used to Synchronize Estrus Cycles in Cattle and used to Control the time of Estrus in Mares

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

*Destroys the Corpus Luteum leading to Onset of Estrus again

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20
Q

Main Androgen

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

Hormone used to Treat Benign Prostate Hypertrophy that commonly occurs in Dogs over 5 years Old

A

Megesterol Acetate

*Castration is also a Treatment

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20
Q

Drugs used to Prevent and Treat Coccidosis Outbreaks

A

Sulfonamides

*Only Drug Effective Against All days of the Cycle. Example- Sulfadimethoxine. All Sulfonamides start with “Sulfa”

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21
Q

Broad Spectrum Antinematodal Approved in Horses that Acts on Nicotinic Receptors in the Neuromuscular System of the Parasite to Treat Pinworms, Roundworms, and Tapeworms (Anoplocephala Perfoliata)

A

Pyrantel

*Treats Anoplocephala in Horses

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22
Q

Drug of Choice to Induce Parturition in Sows

A

PGF 2 Alpha followed by Oxytocin

*or just PGF2 Apha

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23
Q

_____ From the Fetus act on the Mother to Lower Progesterone and cause a Sharp Increase in Estrogen. When Estrogen Increases, that Induces the Beginning of Labor

A

Glucocorticoids

*Cortisol

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24
Q

True/False: GnRH is used to Treat Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Bitches and Increase Libido in Male Dogs and Cats

A

True

*Increases Tesosterone- Same as LH

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24
Q

Most Common Adverse Effect of Progestins, that can lead to Septic Shock and Death

A

Pyometra

*Commonly Fatal

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24
Q

Drug that can be used to Decrease Post-Partum Bleeding after Partuition

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

Drug of Choice to Expell the Retained Placenta and Mummified Fetus

A

PGF 2 Alpha

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25
Q

Drugs used for Mismating and Treatment of Pseudopregnancy in the Bitch and Queen

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

*Prolactin Inhibitors

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27
Q

Two Oral Antacids used in the Treatement of Rumen Acidosis

A

Magnesium Hydroxide

Magnesium Carbonate

28
Q

Two Drugs approved in the US to Treat Adult Fasciola Hepatica

A

Clorsulon

Albendazole

28
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide used in Swine to treat GI Roundworms, Lungworms (Metastrongylus), and Sarcoptes Mange Mites

A

Ivermectin

29
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide used in Cattle to Treat GI Roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus Viviparus), Hypoderma Bovis, and Sarcoptic Mange Mites

A

Ivermectin

*Works against many Parasites in Cattle

31
Q

Two Androgens Available mainly used to Increase Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency in Cattle

A

Testosterone Esters

Trenbolone

31
Q

Progestin Used to Prevent Premature Labor in Mares

A

Altrenogest

31
Q

Anticestodal Used in Dogs and Cats against Taenia, Dipyllidium, and Echinoccocus and Used in Horses agaisnt Anoplocephala spp.

A

Praziquantel

*Main Drug that acts against All the Cestodes

31
Q

Broad Spectrum Antihelmintic Approved in Dogs to Treat Ascarids (Toxocara), Hookworms (Ancylostoma), Whipworms (Trichuris), and Tapeworms (Taenia pisiformis)

A

Fenbendazole

33
Q

Main Drug approved to Treat Fasciola Hepatica in Cattle

A

Clorsulon

33
Q

True/False: Fenbendazole is approved in Lactating Dairy Cattle

A

True

34
Q

Drug used to Induce Milk Let down, Expel the Placenta, and Expulsion of Eggs from Birds and Reptiles

A

Oxytocin

35
Q

Broad Spectrum Antinematodal used in Swine to Treat Large Roundworms and Nodular Worms

A

Pyrantel

37
Q

Urea Poisoning is characterized by Accumulation of ____, leading to Damage in the Body

A

Ammonia

39
Q

Drug used to Induce abortion in Cattle in the first 150 days of Gestation

A

PGF 2 Alpha

39
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide used to Prevent Heatworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) in Dogs and Cats

A

Ivermectin

*Only Prevents Heartworm, Does not Treat it

40
Q

Antibiotics and ____ are Given in Conjuction to Treat Pyometra in any Species

A

Prostaglandin F2 Alpha

40
Q

Drug of choice to Induce Parturition in Cattle

A

Glucocorticoids

*2nd Choice would be PGF 2 Alpha

40
Q

Estrogen acts on the Uterus to Release _____, which Increase Oxytocin leading to Myometrial Contraction during Labor

A

Prostaglandins

*Both Prostaglandins and Oxytocin Stimulate Myometrial Contraction

40
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide Approved in Dogs and Cats via Pour-on Administration that Prevents Heartworm (Dirofilaria) as well as Kills adult Fleas and Prevents Flea eggs from Hatching, and Treats Ear Mites (Otodectes), Sarcoptic Mange Mites and Ticks

A

Selamectin

*Mainly Pour-On to prevent Heartworm but Also controls some Ectoparasites

41
Q

Inhibition of ___ results in Decrease in Progesterone and Abortion

A

Prolactin

43
Q

Drugs used to Induce Partuition in Swine and Cattle as well as Expulsion of Mummified Fetuses

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

46
Q

Hormone Released from the Hypothalamus that acts on the Anterior Pituitary to release Follicular Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone, which acts on the Male and Female to Produce Estrogen and Testosterone

A

GnRH

*Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone

48
Q

Drugs that Stimulate Contraction of the Uterus leading to Abortion in Early Pregnancy or Parturition in Late Pregnancy

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

49
Q

Two Drugs used for Microfilaricidal Therapy of Heartworm in Dogs, which is Given 3-4 Weeks after Adulticidal Therapy

A

Ivermectin

Milbemycin

51
Q

Serotonin Antagonist that is a Dopamine (D1 and D2) Antagonist and 5-HT3 receptor Antagonist that works as a Prokinetic and Antiemetic

A

Metoclopramide

*Increases GI motility and Prevents Nausea

53
Q

Drug of choice for Expulsion of Mummified Fetus and Placenta

A

Prostaglandin F2 Alpha

53
Q

Broad Spectrum Antinematodal in Horses and treats GI roundworms and Tapeworm (Moniezia) in Cattle

A

Fenbendazole

55
Q

Serotonin Antagonist that Blocks H1-Receptors and Blocks Serotonin Receptors that Works as an Antihistamine and to Stimulate Appetite in Small Animals

A

Cyproheptadine

*Treats “Serotonin Syndrome”

56
Q

Only Organophosphate Approved as Antihelmentic in Swine, Dogs and Cats used to Treat GI nematodes, Roundworms, Hookworms, and Whipworms

A

Dichlorvos

59
Q

Androgens, Anabolic Steroids, and Estrogens are primarily used for ____ promotion in Cattle, but can lead to Serious Side Effects

A

Growth

61
Q

Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Dogs can lead to Large amounts of Estrogen. What can be Given as Treatment?

A

LH or GnRH

*Treatment of Follicular Cysts

62
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide Approved in Beef and Dairy Cattle that has Similar Antiparasitic Activity to Ivermectin but is Only administered Pour-on

A

Eprinomectin

63
Q

Three Antiparasitics Approved in Lactating Cattle

A

Eprinomectin

Fenbendazole

Morantel

64
Q

Broad Spectrum Antihelmintic Approved in Cattle to Treat GI Roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus), Liver Fluke (Fasciola Hepatica), and Tapeworms (Moniezia)

A

Albendazole

*Contraindicated in pregnancy

65
Q

Antihelmintic used in Combination with Either Ivermectin or Prazinquantel to Treat Roundworms, Hookworms, and Cestodes

A

Emodepside

66
Q

Combination of Drugs to Induce Abortion in Cattle at 5-8 Months of Gestation

A

PGF 2 Alpha and Dexamethasone

67
Q

Broad Spectrum Antinematodal Approved in Lactating Dairy Cattle and Goats against Gastrointestinal Nematodes

A

Morantel

69
Q

Species that Commonly Gets Copper Toxicity, and must be Careful When Orally Administering Copper Sulfate to Close the Esophageal Groove

A

Sheep

*If given Copper Sulfate Orally you have to Watch out for the Concentration- Only give 2%

72
Q

Progestin Approved in Bitches to Suppress Estrus as Contraception to Maintain Pregnancy

A

Megastrol Acetate

*Also used in Queens to Maintain Pregnancy

74
Q

Dog Breed in which Ivermectin crosses the Blood Brain Barrier which can lead to Toxicity

A

Collies

*Ivermectin should not be used in Collies

77
Q

Drug of choice to induce Parturition in Small Animals

A

Oxytocin

*In the Bitch mainly

80
Q

Acetic Acid or 5% Vinegar in a Large amount of Cold or Icy Water is given to Animals to Prevent ____ Poisoning

A

Urea

*Acid will inhibit the Urea Reaction- Alkalinity increases the Urea Reaction leading to Toxicosis. Acid and Cold Temperature will Inhibit the Urea reaction

80
Q

Drugs used during the First 1 Week to 5 Months of Pregnancy in Cattle to Destroy the Corpus Luteum and Terminate the Pregnancy

A

Prostaglandins

*PGF 2 alpha preparations = Prostaglandin F2 alpha

81
Q

Two Drugs used to Treat Anoplocephala Perfoliata (Tapeworm) in Horses

A

Praziquantel

Pyrantel

*Praziquantel is More Effective

83
Q

Treatment of Bovine Ketosis

A

Glucose 50% IV Bolus

*Fructose and Sorbitol can be used as Alternatives- All Sugars

84
Q

Benzimidazoles Inhibit Energy Metabolism in Parasites by Depleting Glycogen Reserves by Inhibiting _____ and Blocking Mitochondrial Function

A

Fumarate Reductase

86
Q

Two Drugs that can Treat Post Partum Bleeding

A

PGF 2 Alpha

Ergonovine

87
Q

Broad Spectrum Antinematodal Approved in Dogs and Cats that Acts on Nicotinic Receptors in the Neuromuscular System of the Parasite to Treat Large Roundworms (Ascarids) and Hookworms

A

Pyrantel

88
Q

Two Surfactants that Lower Surface Tension Causing Release of Gas from Rumen Fluid and Relief of Rumen Bloat

A

Poloxaline

Docusate Sodium

*Can also use Vegetable or Mineral Oil

90
Q

Drug used to Induce Abortion in Cattle during the Last Month of Pregnancy

A

Either Dexamethasone or PGF2 Alpha Alone

91
Q

Two Drugs that act on GABA and Glutamate-Gated Channels to Inhibit the Neuronal System in the Parasite

A

Avermectins

Milbemycins

*Together Part of Macrocyclic Lactones

92
Q

Two Prolactin Inhibitors that lead to Termination of Pregnancy and Motility of the Female Reproductive Tract

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

93
Q

Estrogens, Oxytocin, PGF 2 Alphas, Glucocorticoids, Ergonovine, and Prolactin Inhibitors are all ____ Stimulates

A

Uterine

*Cause Contraction of Uterus

94
Q

Drug of Choice to Treat Toxoplasmosis in Cats and Dogs

A

Clindamycin

96
Q

What Two Antiparasitics are Approved in Goats?

A

Morantel

Lasalocid

97
Q

Two Anticestodals Approved in Dogs and Cats against Taenia and Dipyllidium

A

Dichlorphene

Epsiprantel

99
Q

Hormone that is Important for Maintaining Early Pregnancy

A

Progesterone

*Main use os Progesterone

100
Q

Serotonin Agonist that is a 5-HT4 Receptor agonist in Enteric Neurons used to Stimulate Intestinal Motility of the Entire GI tract and Treat GI Hypomotility

A

Cisapride

*Prokinetic Effect on the Entire GI Tract

104
Q

Hormone Used in conjuction with PGF Alpha to Induce Superovulation in Cattle

A

FSH

105
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide used to Treat Stomach Bots, Lungworms and Roundworms in Horses

A

Ivermectin

107
Q

Drug used to Treat Fasciola Hepatica (Liver Fluke), Cestodes and Nematodes of the GI and Lung in Cattle

A

Albendazole

*Used to Treat Moneizia

108
Q

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia is a common Adverse Effect associated with Pyometra due to ____

A

Progestins

109
Q

Drug of Choice to Induce Partuition in the Mare and Bitch

A

Oxytocin

112
Q

Ionophore Approved in Goats used to Prevent Coccidiosis

A

Lasalocid

*Very few Drugs are Approved in Goats and Sheep

113
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide approved in Sheep to Treat GI Roundworms such as Haemonchus Contortus, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus), and Oestrus Ovis Nasal Bots

A

Ivermectin

114
Q

Oral Antacid used as a Laxative and Adsorbent that Pulls water Through the Intestine with Osmotic Forces Leading to Irritation of the Intestinal Mucosa which Indirectly Stimulates Peristaltic Movement and Treats Rumen Atony

A

Magnesium Hydroxide

*Laxative and Adsorbent

115
Q

Antinematodal Endectocide Used in Dogs over 8 weeks of Age for Prevention of Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria), Hookworm (Ancylostoma), Roundworm (Toxocara Caninum), and Whipworm (Trichuris Vulpis)

A

Milbemycin Oxime

116
Q

Drug used to Treat Giardiasis that is a Nucleic Acid Inhibitor that causes DNA damage

A

Metronidazole

*Only works in Anerobic Conditions- Does not work in Aerobic Conditions

117
Q

Estrogen Increase during Labor leads to Increases in What three Components?

A

PGF 2 Alpha- Prostaglandin

Oxytocin

Relaxin

118
Q

Main effects of ____, include Destruction of Corpus Luteum in Females, and Stimulation of Smooth Muscle Contration in the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts

A

Prostaglandins

*Destroys Corpus Luteum to Begin new Estrus Cycle

119
Q

____ is Important for Maintaining the Corpus Luteum, Therefore when Inhibited will lead to Luteolysis and Termination of Pregnancy

A

Prolactin

120
Q

Hormone Given to Induce Ovulation in Cats and Mares as well as to Treat Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Dogs

A

LH

121
Q

New Drug that Activate LAT 1 and LAT 2 Receptors in the Neuromuscular Junction of the Nematode, Which Stimulates Inhibitory Neuopeptides PF1 and PF2 that act on Receptors and Cause Muscle Paralysis and Death of the Nematode

A

Emodepside

122
Q

Anticestodal Approved in Dogs against Roundworms, Hookworms, Whipworms and Taenia Pisiformis

A

Fenbendazole

*Only approved in Dogs

Pharmacology Exam 2 (2 decks)

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