Shokry Material Flashcards
Inhibitory Hormone of the Hypothalamus that Inhibits Growth Hormone
Somatostatin
Luteinizing Hormone or ____ can be used to Induce Ovulation in Cats and Mares
GnRH
*GnRH has the Effect of Luteinizing Hormone on the Body. Mainly Cats and Mare have trouble Inducing Ovulation because LH is too Low
Progestin Approved in Mares for Suppression of Estrus (Contraception) and Synchronization of Estrous Cycle to Maintain Pregnancy
Altrenogest
Drug of Choice to Induce Parturition in the Mare
Oxytocin
Glucocorticoids cause ____ in the Uterus
Contraction
*Mimics the Fetal Glucocorticoids
Estrogen releases a Hormone called _____, Which leads to Dilation of the Cervix during Labor
Relaxin
*Relaxin and Prostaglandins Lead to Cervix Softening and Dilation
Three Prostaglandin Analogs that Increases Uveoscleral Outflow by Stimulating FP receptors in the Eye that is used Topically to Treat Open-Angle Glaucoma
Latanoprost
Travoprost
Bimatoprost
*Lowers Intraocular Pressure
Hormone used to Treat Pituitary Dwarfism in Dogs
Somatotropin
*Growth Hormone
______ is given IV for the Treatment of Ruminal Systemic Acidosis
Sodium Bicarbonate
Increasing Levels of ____ will cause Rupture of the Follicle, a Decrease in Estrogen, and a change into Corpus Hemorrhagicum and Eventually into Corpus Luteum
LH
*Luteinizing Hormone- LH surge leading to Rupture of the Follicle
When the Female becomes Pregnant, the Corpus Luteum Phase will produce _____that will stop the Estrus Cycle by Inhibing GnrH, which will in turn Inhibit FSH and the Estrus Cycle until Pregnancy is Over
Progesteron
*Progesteron stops the Estrus Cycle to maintian Pregnancy
Drugs that act as Dopamine Agonists that inhibits Prolactin leading to Luteolysis causing Termination of Pregnancy and Stimulation of Motility of the Female Reproductive Tract
Prolactin Inhibitors
*Corpus Luteum produces Progesterone which Maintains Pregnancy, so without the Corpus Luteum Pregnancy cannot be maintained
Hormone Approved for use in Cattle to Increase Milk Production and Enhance Growth
Somatotropin
*Growth Hormone
Four Drugs used to Prevent Heartworm Disease in Dogs
Ivermectin
Milbemycin Oxime
Moxidectin
Selamectin
*Prevention is the Most common Approach, rather than Treatment
Two Cholinergic Drugs that are used to Stimulate Rumen Motility and Treat Ruminal Atony
Bethanechol- Oral
Neostigmine- Injection SQ
*Parasympathomimetics- Can cause Bradycardia. Many Side effects so these Drugs are not Recommended
____ are used in Adjuctive Therapy in the Treatment of Pyometra
PGF 2 Alpha- Prostaglandin
Both Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone acts on Androgen Receptors, which can lead to____ Enlargment
Prostate
*Dihydrotesterone leads to Prostate Enlargment
Drugs Inhibit the Parasitic Neuronal System by Binding to What Two Channels?
GABA
Glutamate Channels
Drug used To Treat Adult Heartworm Disease in Dogs- Adulticidal Therapy. Used only in Dogs with a Recommened Strict Rest for 3-4 Weeks
Melarsomine
*Given Intramuscularly. Rest is Very Important or else they can Die after Treatment
Serotonin Antagonist that works as a 5-HT3 receptor Antagonist that is used to Prevent and Treat Anticancer Chemotherapy induced Nausea and Vomiting
Ondansetron
True/False: Cabergoline is more Effective and has Fewer Side Effects than Bromocriptine
True
*Cabergoline is Better Prolactin Inhibitor
Drugs that Inhibit Converstion of Testosterone into Dihydrotestosterone leading to Shrinkage of the Prostate
5 alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Hormone Given to Stimulate Follicular Growth in Anestrus Animals
FSH
Two Progestin Growth Promoters in Cattle
Progesterone-Estradiol Benzoate- Skin Implant
Melengesterol- Feed Additive
Cholinesterase inhibitor leading to Accumulation of ACH Leading to Depolarization of the Neuromuscular System and Paralysis in Parasites
Dichlorvos
*Acts Indirectly on Nicotonic Receptors
During Estrus and Proestrus ____ Increases along with Estrogen and Progestrone Decreases. During Metestrus and Diestrus, _____ Decreases along with Estrogen as Progestrone Increases
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
*During Metestrus and Diestrus there is High Progesterone Levels- Pregnancy
Prolactin Inhibotors used for Treating Mismating in the Bitch and Queen
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
*Terminates Undesirable Pregnancy
Oxytocin, Estrogen, and PGF 2 Alpha can all be Used to Expel a retained _____
Placenta
*Placenta Hasn’t come out 24 Hours after Parturition
True/False: GnRH agonsits and GnRH antagonists can be given to Decrease the amount of GnRH provided in the Hypothalamas leading to Decreased Testosterone
True
*Negative Feedback Loop- GnRH agonists increase GnRH too much leading to Negative Feedback and ultimately inhibition of GnRH. You can inhibit Androgen by giving a High dose of GnRH or giving a GnRH antagonist
Drug that Inhibits 5 Alpha Reductase that Leads to Shrinkage of the Prostate
Finasteride
*Prevents Convertion of Testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone
Estrogen that is Combined with Progesterone or Testosterone for Growth Promotion in Cattle
Estradiol
Adverse Effects of What drugs lead to Ovarian Suppression followed by Follicular Cysts, Vaginal and Uterine Prolapse, Abortion, Feminization in Males, and Pyometra
Estrogens
Serious Adverse Effect of Estrogens in Small Animals
Aplastic Anemia and Leukopenia
*Bone Marrow Suppression
Two Agents that Close the Esophageal Groove
Copper Sulfate Orally
Sodium Bicarbonate Orally (10%)
*Copper Sulfate Given 5% in Cattle and 2% in Sheep
Drugs Inhibit The Neuronal System in the Parasite, by Binding to which Two Ligand Gated Channels leading to Increased Chloride Membrane Conductance and Hyperpolarization resulting in Flaccid Paralysis of the Somatic Muscles and Pharyngeal Pump. Ultimately Death in Nematodes and Arthropods
GABA
Glutamate Channels
*Inhibit the Neuronal System only in Nematodes and Arthropods.
True/False: While GnRH released both FSH and LH, its clinical effects are the same as LH
True
*Clinical uses of GnRH are very similar to LH
Drugs that Destroy the Corpus Luteum Used to Synchronize Estrus Cycles in Cattle and used to Control the time of Estrus in Mares
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
*Destroys the Corpus Luteum leading to Onset of Estrus again
Main Androgen
Testosterone
Hormone used to Treat Benign Prostate Hypertrophy that commonly occurs in Dogs over 5 years Old
Megesterol Acetate
*Castration is also a Treatment
Drugs used to Prevent and Treat Coccidosis Outbreaks
Sulfonamides
*Only Drug Effective Against All days of the Cycle. Example- Sulfadimethoxine. All Sulfonamides start with “Sulfa”
Broad Spectrum Antinematodal Approved in Horses that Acts on Nicotinic Receptors in the Neuromuscular System of the Parasite to Treat Pinworms, Roundworms, and Tapeworms (Anoplocephala Perfoliata)
Pyrantel
*Treats Anoplocephala in Horses
Drug of Choice to Induce Parturition in Sows
PGF 2 Alpha followed by Oxytocin
*or just PGF2 Apha
_____ From the Fetus act on the Mother to Lower Progesterone and cause a Sharp Increase in Estrogen. When Estrogen Increases, that Induces the Beginning of Labor
Glucocorticoids
*Cortisol
True/False: GnRH is used to Treat Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Bitches and Increase Libido in Male Dogs and Cats
True
*Increases Tesosterone- Same as LH
Most Common Adverse Effect of Progestins, that can lead to Septic Shock and Death
Pyometra
*Commonly Fatal
Drug that can be used to Decrease Post-Partum Bleeding after Partuition
Oxytocin
Drug of Choice to Expell the Retained Placenta and Mummified Fetus
PGF 2 Alpha
Drugs used for Mismating and Treatment of Pseudopregnancy in the Bitch and Queen
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
*Prolactin Inhibitors
Two Oral Antacids used in the Treatement of Rumen Acidosis
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Carbonate
Two Drugs approved in the US to Treat Adult Fasciola Hepatica
Clorsulon
Albendazole
Antinematodal Endectocide used in Swine to treat GI Roundworms, Lungworms (Metastrongylus), and Sarcoptes Mange Mites
Ivermectin
Antinematodal Endectocide used in Cattle to Treat GI Roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus Viviparus), Hypoderma Bovis, and Sarcoptic Mange Mites
Ivermectin
*Works against many Parasites in Cattle
Two Androgens Available mainly used to Increase Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency in Cattle
Testosterone Esters
Trenbolone
Progestin Used to Prevent Premature Labor in Mares
Altrenogest
Anticestodal Used in Dogs and Cats against Taenia, Dipyllidium, and Echinoccocus and Used in Horses agaisnt Anoplocephala spp.
Praziquantel
*Main Drug that acts against All the Cestodes
Broad Spectrum Antihelmintic Approved in Dogs to Treat Ascarids (Toxocara), Hookworms (Ancylostoma), Whipworms (Trichuris), and Tapeworms (Taenia pisiformis)
Fenbendazole
Main Drug approved to Treat Fasciola Hepatica in Cattle
Clorsulon
True/False: Fenbendazole is approved in Lactating Dairy Cattle
True
Drug used to Induce Milk Let down, Expel the Placenta, and Expulsion of Eggs from Birds and Reptiles
Oxytocin
Broad Spectrum Antinematodal used in Swine to Treat Large Roundworms and Nodular Worms
Pyrantel
Urea Poisoning is characterized by Accumulation of ____, leading to Damage in the Body
Ammonia
Drug used to Induce abortion in Cattle in the first 150 days of Gestation
PGF 2 Alpha
Antinematodal Endectocide used to Prevent Heatworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) in Dogs and Cats
Ivermectin
*Only Prevents Heartworm, Does not Treat it
Antibiotics and ____ are Given in Conjuction to Treat Pyometra in any Species
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha
Drug of choice to Induce Parturition in Cattle
Glucocorticoids
*2nd Choice would be PGF 2 Alpha
Estrogen acts on the Uterus to Release _____, which Increase Oxytocin leading to Myometrial Contraction during Labor
Prostaglandins
*Both Prostaglandins and Oxytocin Stimulate Myometrial Contraction
Antinematodal Endectocide Approved in Dogs and Cats via Pour-on Administration that Prevents Heartworm (Dirofilaria) as well as Kills adult Fleas and Prevents Flea eggs from Hatching, and Treats Ear Mites (Otodectes), Sarcoptic Mange Mites and Ticks
Selamectin
*Mainly Pour-On to prevent Heartworm but Also controls some Ectoparasites
Inhibition of ___ results in Decrease in Progesterone and Abortion
Prolactin
Drugs used to Induce Partuition in Swine and Cattle as well as Expulsion of Mummified Fetuses
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
Hormone Released from the Hypothalamus that acts on the Anterior Pituitary to release Follicular Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone, which acts on the Male and Female to Produce Estrogen and Testosterone
GnRH
*Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone
Drugs that Stimulate Contraction of the Uterus leading to Abortion in Early Pregnancy or Parturition in Late Pregnancy
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
Two Drugs used for Microfilaricidal Therapy of Heartworm in Dogs, which is Given 3-4 Weeks after Adulticidal Therapy
Ivermectin
Milbemycin
Serotonin Antagonist that is a Dopamine (D1 and D2) Antagonist and 5-HT3 receptor Antagonist that works as a Prokinetic and Antiemetic
Metoclopramide
*Increases GI motility and Prevents Nausea
Drug of choice for Expulsion of Mummified Fetus and Placenta
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha
Broad Spectrum Antinematodal in Horses and treats GI roundworms and Tapeworm (Moniezia) in Cattle
Fenbendazole
Serotonin Antagonist that Blocks H1-Receptors and Blocks Serotonin Receptors that Works as an Antihistamine and to Stimulate Appetite in Small Animals
Cyproheptadine
*Treats “Serotonin Syndrome”
Only Organophosphate Approved as Antihelmentic in Swine, Dogs and Cats used to Treat GI nematodes, Roundworms, Hookworms, and Whipworms
Dichlorvos
Androgens, Anabolic Steroids, and Estrogens are primarily used for ____ promotion in Cattle, but can lead to Serious Side Effects
Growth
Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Dogs can lead to Large amounts of Estrogen. What can be Given as Treatment?
LH or GnRH
*Treatment of Follicular Cysts
Antinematodal Endectocide Approved in Beef and Dairy Cattle that has Similar Antiparasitic Activity to Ivermectin but is Only administered Pour-on
Eprinomectin
Three Antiparasitics Approved in Lactating Cattle
Eprinomectin
Fenbendazole
Morantel
Broad Spectrum Antihelmintic Approved in Cattle to Treat GI Roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus), Liver Fluke (Fasciola Hepatica), and Tapeworms (Moniezia)
Albendazole
*Contraindicated in pregnancy
Antihelmintic used in Combination with Either Ivermectin or Prazinquantel to Treat Roundworms, Hookworms, and Cestodes
Emodepside
Combination of Drugs to Induce Abortion in Cattle at 5-8 Months of Gestation
PGF 2 Alpha and Dexamethasone
Broad Spectrum Antinematodal Approved in Lactating Dairy Cattle and Goats against Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Morantel
Species that Commonly Gets Copper Toxicity, and must be Careful When Orally Administering Copper Sulfate to Close the Esophageal Groove
Sheep
*If given Copper Sulfate Orally you have to Watch out for the Concentration- Only give 2%
Progestin Approved in Bitches to Suppress Estrus as Contraception to Maintain Pregnancy
Megastrol Acetate
*Also used in Queens to Maintain Pregnancy
Dog Breed in which Ivermectin crosses the Blood Brain Barrier which can lead to Toxicity
Collies
*Ivermectin should not be used in Collies
Drug of choice to induce Parturition in Small Animals
Oxytocin
*In the Bitch mainly
Acetic Acid or 5% Vinegar in a Large amount of Cold or Icy Water is given to Animals to Prevent ____ Poisoning
Urea
*Acid will inhibit the Urea Reaction- Alkalinity increases the Urea Reaction leading to Toxicosis. Acid and Cold Temperature will Inhibit the Urea reaction
Drugs used during the First 1 Week to 5 Months of Pregnancy in Cattle to Destroy the Corpus Luteum and Terminate the Pregnancy
Prostaglandins
*PGF 2 alpha preparations = Prostaglandin F2 alpha
Two Drugs used to Treat Anoplocephala Perfoliata (Tapeworm) in Horses
Praziquantel
Pyrantel
*Praziquantel is More Effective
Treatment of Bovine Ketosis
Glucose 50% IV Bolus
*Fructose and Sorbitol can be used as Alternatives- All Sugars
Benzimidazoles Inhibit Energy Metabolism in Parasites by Depleting Glycogen Reserves by Inhibiting _____ and Blocking Mitochondrial Function
Fumarate Reductase
Two Drugs that can Treat Post Partum Bleeding
PGF 2 Alpha
Ergonovine
Broad Spectrum Antinematodal Approved in Dogs and Cats that Acts on Nicotinic Receptors in the Neuromuscular System of the Parasite to Treat Large Roundworms (Ascarids) and Hookworms
Pyrantel
Two Surfactants that Lower Surface Tension Causing Release of Gas from Rumen Fluid and Relief of Rumen Bloat
Poloxaline
Docusate Sodium
*Can also use Vegetable or Mineral Oil
Drug used to Induce Abortion in Cattle during the Last Month of Pregnancy
Either Dexamethasone or PGF2 Alpha Alone
Two Drugs that act on GABA and Glutamate-Gated Channels to Inhibit the Neuronal System in the Parasite
Avermectins
Milbemycins
*Together Part of Macrocyclic Lactones
Two Prolactin Inhibitors that lead to Termination of Pregnancy and Motility of the Female Reproductive Tract
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
Estrogens, Oxytocin, PGF 2 Alphas, Glucocorticoids, Ergonovine, and Prolactin Inhibitors are all ____ Stimulates
Uterine
*Cause Contraction of Uterus
Drug of Choice to Treat Toxoplasmosis in Cats and Dogs
Clindamycin
What Two Antiparasitics are Approved in Goats?
Morantel
Lasalocid
Two Anticestodals Approved in Dogs and Cats against Taenia and Dipyllidium
Dichlorphene
Epsiprantel
Hormone that is Important for Maintaining Early Pregnancy
Progesterone
*Main use os Progesterone
Serotonin Agonist that is a 5-HT4 Receptor agonist in Enteric Neurons used to Stimulate Intestinal Motility of the Entire GI tract and Treat GI Hypomotility
Cisapride
*Prokinetic Effect on the Entire GI Tract
Hormone Used in conjuction with PGF Alpha to Induce Superovulation in Cattle
FSH
Antinematodal Endectocide used to Treat Stomach Bots, Lungworms and Roundworms in Horses
Ivermectin
Drug used to Treat Fasciola Hepatica (Liver Fluke), Cestodes and Nematodes of the GI and Lung in Cattle
Albendazole
*Used to Treat Moneizia
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia is a common Adverse Effect associated with Pyometra due to ____
Progestins
Drug of Choice to Induce Partuition in the Mare and Bitch
Oxytocin
Ionophore Approved in Goats used to Prevent Coccidiosis
Lasalocid
*Very few Drugs are Approved in Goats and Sheep
Antinematodal Endectocide approved in Sheep to Treat GI Roundworms such as Haemonchus Contortus, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus), and Oestrus Ovis Nasal Bots
Ivermectin
Oral Antacid used as a Laxative and Adsorbent that Pulls water Through the Intestine with Osmotic Forces Leading to Irritation of the Intestinal Mucosa which Indirectly Stimulates Peristaltic Movement and Treats Rumen Atony
Magnesium Hydroxide
*Laxative and Adsorbent
Antinematodal Endectocide Used in Dogs over 8 weeks of Age for Prevention of Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria), Hookworm (Ancylostoma), Roundworm (Toxocara Caninum), and Whipworm (Trichuris Vulpis)
Milbemycin Oxime
Drug used to Treat Giardiasis that is a Nucleic Acid Inhibitor that causes DNA damage
Metronidazole
*Only works in Anerobic Conditions- Does not work in Aerobic Conditions
Estrogen Increase during Labor leads to Increases in What three Components?
PGF 2 Alpha- Prostaglandin
Oxytocin
Relaxin
Main effects of ____, include Destruction of Corpus Luteum in Females, and Stimulation of Smooth Muscle Contration in the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts
Prostaglandins
*Destroys Corpus Luteum to Begin new Estrus Cycle
____ is Important for Maintaining the Corpus Luteum, Therefore when Inhibited will lead to Luteolysis and Termination of Pregnancy
Prolactin
Hormone Given to Induce Ovulation in Cats and Mares as well as to Treat Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Dogs
LH
New Drug that Activate LAT 1 and LAT 2 Receptors in the Neuromuscular Junction of the Nematode, Which Stimulates Inhibitory Neuopeptides PF1 and PF2 that act on Receptors and Cause Muscle Paralysis and Death of the Nematode
Emodepside
Anticestodal Approved in Dogs against Roundworms, Hookworms, Whipworms and Taenia Pisiformis
Fenbendazole
*Only approved in Dogs
