Shokry Material Flashcards
1
Q
In order for platalets to aggregate, ______ receptors must be activated
A
Fibrinogen
*Fibrinogen binds to receptors on platelets resulting in aggregation
1
Q
True/False: Once an animals heart stops, you give it epinephrine by any route, but ideally IM
A
True
*Drug of choice in complete AV block
1
Q
_____ is more likely to cause reflex Bradycardia than Epinephrine
A
Norepinephrine
1
Q
Digoxin can lead to Gastointestinal _____
A
Irritation
*Digoxin given orally may cause GI irritation
1
Q
Inodilator drug that is used to treat congestive heart failure in dogs and improve the quality and length of life in dogs with heart failure
A
Pimobendan
2
Q
Two non drug therapy treatments for Congestive heart failure
A
Restricted Salt diet
Restricted Exercise
2
Q
True/False: Calcium channel Blockers and Beta Blockers are both used to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrythmias
A
False
*Calcium channel blockers are only used for Supraventricular, while Beta blockers are used for both
3
Q
Thrombin is also known as Factor _____
A
IIa
*2a
3
Q
Which drug is used as a Local hemostatic to treat external bleeding by vasoconstriction via alpha 1 agonist stimulation?
A
Epinephrine
3
Q
A strongly basic drug that binds with acidic Heparin to form a salt, working as the antidote for Heparin
A
Protamine Sulfate
3
Q
Drug used to control bleeding in dogs with Von Willibrand disease
A
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
3
Q
Heparin is used in _____ cases, while Warfarin is used _____
A
Heparin- acute cases
Warfarin- Long term
3
Q
What is the best Osmotic diuretic?
A
Mannitol
3
Q
Second most efficatious diuretic that inhibits 5% reabsorption of sodium and acts on the early distal tubule
A
Thiazide Diuretics
3
Q
True/False: Hyperkalemia and systemic alkalosis may result from the use of Loop diuretics
A
False
*Hypokalemia!
3
Q
_____ Diabetes insipidus is caused by impaired responsiveness of the kidney to ADH and is treated with Thiazide diuretics
A
Nephrogenic
3
Q
Cardiac stimulant that inhibits Sodium Potassium ATPase leading to increased intracellular calcium and increased heart contractility (positive inotrope)
A
Digoxin
4
Q
When giving Iron preparations for treatment of Microcytic anemia, is it better to use Ferrous or Ferric? Why?
A
Ferrous
*Less irritating
4
Q
When a vessel is damaged, _______ is sythesized and released from platelets that stimulates aggregating granules leading to creation of a thrombus
A
Thromboxane A2
*stimulates aggregation of platelets
4
Q
True/False: Diuretics are drugs that cause urination
A
False
*They do not cause urination, they only increase urine volume
4
Q
_____ cause diuresis by increasing the excretion of sodium as sodium chloride dissolved in water
A
Diuretics
4
Q
Beta Blockers and Ace inhibitors lead to an increase in serum _____
A
Potassium
*Hyperkalemia may be a problem
5
Q
Treats systemic (internal) bleeding due to Warfarin
A
Vitamin K
5
Q
Antidote for Warfarin Poisoning
A
Vitamin K
5
Drug that has a positive inotropic effect that increases cardio contractility and output, increaseing GFR and leading to diuresis
Digitalis
5
Drug of choice for Neophrogenic diabetes insipidus
Thiazide diuretic
5
In cases of Hypovolemia and Hyponatremia, when the body needs to retain water and sodium, _____ is released
ADH (Vasopressin)
5
True/False: Digitalis has a lower potential of causing Tachyarrhythmias than Pimobendan
False
\*Pimobendan has a lower potential for Tachyarrhythmias
6
Prostacyclin binds to platelets when vessels are healthy, stimulating the release of \_\_\_\_\_, which inhibits the release of granules that contain aggregation agents
cAMP
\*inhibits platelet aggregation
7
Drug of choice to treat Central diabetes insipidus which is administered in the conjunctival sac of the eye
Desmopressin
8
What is the proper antianemic drug treatment for microcytic anemia?
Iron preparations
\*We treat by giving iron
8
What is the best way to treat hemorrhagic shock?
Blood transfusion
9
Isoproterenol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine are cardiac stimulants used only in emergency that are very potent and can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_
Arrythmias
\*Arrythmogenic drugs
10
The most efficatious diuretics are known as ____ diuretics and they work on the ascending loop of henle inhibiting 25% of sodium reabsorption
Loop
\*inhibits 25% reabsorption of sodium
11
Drugs of choice to treat tachycardia and hypertension due to hyperthyroidism in cats
Beta Blockers
\*Ex. propranolol
12
Hypokalemia and Hypercalcemia are adverse effects assocaited with what type of diuretic?
Thiazide diuretic
13
Osmotic diuretic used to treat LOCAL edema, such as cerebral edema and acute glaucoma, which does not cross membrane barriers but rather pulls water across membranes due to osmotic pressure gradients
Mannitol
\*Treatment of LOCALIZED edema. Can pull water from the brain in the case of cerebral edema and can pull aqueous humor from the eye in cases of glaucoma.
14
Calcium channel blockers treat ______ arrhythmias because calcium channels are only located in the sinus and atrium of the myocardium
Supraventricular
15
What precursor proteins are present in the blood inactively, but are activated to clotting factors when carboxylase adds two carboxyl groups to them?
II, VII, IX, and X
\*Carboxylase adds two carboxyl groups to these factors making them activated II, VII, IX, and X, which are now clotting factors
16
Drug of choice for treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in cats
Propanolol
\*Beta Blockers
17
Beta Blockers can lead to Bradycardia that you treat with \_\_\_\_\_
Atropine
18
Most commonly used loop diuretic that prevents the kidney from retaining sodium, chloride and water which will increase urine volume and rid the body of excess fluids
Furosemide
19
True/False: In patients with a drug overdose, Mannitol should be chosed over Furosemide because Mannitol is less likely to cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
True
\*Furosemide is very potent and can cause dehydration and hypokalemia- not a good idea to use Loop diuretics in cases of drug overdose unless the patient is well hydrated
20
Synthetic ADH analog that is more potent and has a longer duration of action than natural ADH
Desmopressin
\*Treatment of Central diabetes Insipidus
21
Potassium sparing diuretic that is only administered orally and its mechanism of action is the antagonism of aldosterone
Spironolactone
21
What drug is used to treat sinus bradycardia and Incomplete AV blocks?
Atropine
21
Heart failure will stimulate the ____ system to increase sodium and water absorption leading to increased blood pressure
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
21
Heart failure will stimulate _____ to increase water absorption in the kidneys and incease the amount of water in the body
ADH
21
Digoxin is commonly combined with a Potassium Sparing diuretic such as _____ ,because hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia predispose patients taking Digoxin to Tachyarrhythmias
Spironolactone
22
What Systemic Hemotstatic drug stimulates the formation of Prothrombin (Factor II) and Factros VII, IX, and X in the liver?
Vitamin K
23
Most important adverse effect with Thiazide diuretics
Hypokalemia
24
Drugs of choice for both supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in cats
Beta Blockers
25
What anticoagulant is given orally for long term treatment of Thromboembolic diseases
Warfarin
26
True/False: Epinephrine is indicated in incomplete AV block
False
\*Contraindicated- will cause tacchycardia and can lead to cardiac arrest
27
Drug of choice to treat generalized edema, which is edema all over the body
Furosemide
28
Drug of choice for treatment of Cardiac asystole
Epinephrine
\*Asystole = cardiac arrest
29
Osmotic diuretic that is useful in the treatment of cerebral edema, acute glaucoma, and renal failure
Mannitol
30
True/False: Digoxin is very good for treating supraventricular tachycardia in dogs
True
31
Used to treat Internal bleeding due to Thrombolytic agents
Aminocaproid Acid
32
True/False: Loop diuretics are indicated in patients that are dehydrated or hypokalemic
False
\*Contraindicated- don't use in patients that are dehydrated or hypokalemic
33
Which anticoagulant binds extensively to albumin leading to a longer duration of action and longer half life in the body
Warfarin
\*99% bound to plasma protein
34
True/False: Potassium Sparing diuretics are mainly used in combination with other diuretics, such as Thiazide diuretics to counterbalance hypokalemia
True
\*When combined they decrease the effects of hypokalemia
35
\_\_\_\_\_ acts as a cofactor with carboxylase to carboxylate the precursors to the active form of II, VII, IX, and X
Active Vitamin K
\*Carboxylase needs Vitamin K in order to activate the clotting factors
36
Drug of choice for managing Hypertension in cats
Amlodipine
\*Calcium channel blocker
37
What drugs can lead to Hypotension, Bronchoconstriction, Hyperkalemia, and Hypoglycemia and should not be suddenly withdrawn from patients because that can lead to Tachycardia?
Beta Blockers
38
At therapeutic low doses, ______ will overall slow down the heart rate due to withdrawal of the sympathetic system and predominance of the parasympathetic system
Digoxin
\*Increased contractility will lead to withdrawal of sympathetic innervation and lead to predominance of the parasymathetic system which slows down the heart rate
39
Osmotic drug that is indicated in renal failure because it increases renal perfusion
Mannitol
40
In order to prevent the Loop diuretic, Furosemide, from causing hypokalemia or hypomagnesia, it can be combined with the Potassium sparing diuretic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Spirolactone
41
Inodilator that is a positive inotrope, vasodilator and causes less tachyarrhythmias than Digitalis
Pimobendan
\*Has led to digitalis becoming obsolete
42
Drugs of choice to control hypertension in hyperthyroid cats
Beta Blockers
43
Drugs of choice to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Thiazide Diuretics
44
True/False: Lidocaine can be used to treat supraventricular arrhythmias
False
\*Only Ventricular
45
What two drugs are mainly used for treatment of emergency hypertension
Phenoxybenazmine
Phentolamine
46
Main adverse effect of this diuretic is Hyperkalemia and Systemic acidosis
Spironolactone
47
In secondary hemostasis, _____ acts on Fibrinogen to convert it to Fibrin
Thrombin (IIa)
47
Used to treat internal bleeding due to Von-Willibrand Disease
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
47
Drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and increase the rate of sodium excretion in the form of sodium chloride
Diuretics
47
What is the significance of potassium excretion with Loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia is a problem
\*Can lead to tacchycardia and Tacchyarrhythmias
47
What diuretic is used for treatment of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses?
Furosemide
\*decreases intrapulmonary pressure
47
While Loop diuretics secrete calcium in the urine, _____ diuretics retain calcium in the body leading to increased serum calcium
Thiazide
47
Drugs that are positive inotrophes as well as Vasodilators
Inodilators
47
True/False: Digoxin has a narrow safety margin and can cause Bradyarrhythmias as well as Tachyarrhythmias that can kill the patient
True
48
Once the vessel has healed, _____ will remove the fibrin causing fibrinolysis, also known as thrombolysis
Plasmin
49
What is the only Ace Inhibitor that is approved in dogs in the United States
Enalapril
50
True/False: It is okay to use Vitamin K3 (Menadione) in horses
False
\*Causes renal damage and failure
51
Moldy/Spoiled _____ can cause poisoning in cattle similar to Warfarin, which can be treated with Vitamin K
Sweet Clover
53
What anticoagulant inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase, which will inhibit the activation of the clotting precursors II, VII, IX, and X due to reduction in Vitamin K
Warfarin
55
What anticoagulant should not be used during pregnancy because it will cross the placental barrier?
Warfarin
57
Due to the narrow safety margin with Warfarin, what is the most important toxic effect?
Bleeding
\*Treated by blood transfusion and Vitamin K1
60
Unlike other diuretics, Sprionolactone elevates serum potassium, which can lead to systemic \_\_\_\_\_
acidosis
62
We treat microcytic anemia either by giving iron preparations or _____ preparations
Copper
63
Most effective and most widely used type of diuretic
Loop diuretic
65
\_\_\_\_\_ edema is the most common type of generalized edema and loop diuretics, like Furosemide, are the drug of choice for treatment
Pulmonary
66
Calcium Channel Blockers lead to ____ vasodilation, leading to more blood flow to the heart
Coronary
\*Beta Blockers do not do this
68
Most significant adverse affect of Loop diuretics, such as Furosemide
Hypokalemia
\*Can lead to Tacchycardia
70
Epistaxis is a nasal bleeding that occurs in animals that bump their noses. Give injection of _____ and flush with epinephrine
Vitamin K
71
Granulocyte-Macrophage colony stimulating factor drug which is given to patients on anti-cancer drugs to stimulate growth and multiplication of neutrophils to decrease infections in cancer patients
Sargramostim
74
Diuretic that leads to elevated serum potassium and therefore will not cause Hypokalemia in patients
Potassium-Sparing diuretics
75
Drug of choice for treatment of a second degree AV block
Atropine
\*Incomplete AV block
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Arrhythmias occur in the sinus or atriums of the heart
Supraventricular
78
Drug of choice to lower High blood pressure in cats
Amlodipine
79
What are the three issues associated with the use of non specific Beta Blockers?
Bronchoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
Hypoglycemia
81
True/False: Vital functions have to be monitered with use of Heparin, Warfarin, and Thrombolytic agents because they can all cause bleeding with a narrow safety margin
True
83
When Vitamin K is in the inactive form (epoxide), to become activated again it must be reduced by _____ enzyme
Reductase
84
If the concentration of Digitalis/Digoxin in the blood is too high, the best treatment is \_\_\_\_\_\_
Digoxin Immune Fab (Digibind)
\*Anectode for digitalis/digoxin overdose
85
\_\_\_\_ is the main toxic effect caused by Heparin use
Bleeding
86
True/False: Both Iron and Copper deficiency can lead to Microcytic anemia and treatment for this is giving Iron or Copper
True
87
Plasmin is activated by \_\_\_\_\_\_, to break down Fibrin
Plasminogen
90
Weakest diuretic, which inhibits less than 2% of sodium reabsorption and acts on the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Potassium Sparing Diuretic
91
The drug of choice for treatment of GENERALIZED edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal failure or liver cirrhosis
Loop Diuretic
\*Furosemide
92
The intravenous drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias due to anesthetics, surgery, and trauma in dogs
Lidocaine
94
What anticoagulant can be displaced from plasma protein binding by almost every drug, making drug-drug interactions extrememly important
Warfarin
95
Colony stimulating factor drug that stimulates the converstion of the progenitor cell of neutrophils into mature neutrophils
Filgarstim (G-CSF)
\*Selective only for progenitor cells of Neutrophils causing maturation, differentiation, and proliferation
98
What drug is most commonly used to treat a complete AV block?
Epinephrine
\*Used to treat cardiogenic shock and arrest
100
Drugs of choice for managing Hypertension in dogs
Ace inhibitors
\*Enalapril and Benazepril
101
Ace inhibitor used in congestive heart failure in dogs
Enalapril
102
True/False: Calcium channel blockers work to vasodilate blood vessels and treat Ventricular Arrhythmias
False
\*They cause vasodilation and treat Supraventricular arrhythmias ONLY
103
Drug of choice to treat atrial fibrilation in a horse
Quinidine
106
What two anticoagulants are used for the treatment of Thomboembolism?
Heparin and Warfarin
107
Treats Systemic (Internal) bleeding due to Heparin
Protamine Sulfate
108
During secondary hemostasis, Prothrombinase complex acts on \_\_\_\_\_\_, converting it to Thrombin
Prothrombin (Factor II)
\*Know that prothrombin is Factor 2!
110
Non selective alpha blocker that is used in emergency situations to lower very high blood pressure
Phenoxybenzamine
113
Drugs that have diuretic effects and are used to treat open-angle glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
114
Never give Mannitol in ____ edema, because it will increase the edema.
Generalized
\*Only used in local edema
115
Where in the nephron do the most efficacious diuretics work?
Ascending loop of henle
116
Synthetic ADH analog administered in the conjunctival sac of the eye
Desmopressin
118
Most commonly used drug to treat any generalized edema, including congestive heart failure
Furosemide
\*Can lead to hypokalemia and hypomagnesia- loop diuretic
119
Anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy because it does not cross the placental barrier and will not cause fetal bleeding
Heparin
120
Drug used to inhibit converstion of plasminogen to plasmin and used in the treatment of bleeding due to thrombolytic agents
Aminocaproic Acid
121
Diuretic that is contraindicated in patients with renal disease because the diuretic will not be able to get to the site of action and will be ineffective
Thiazide diuretics
122
Calcium Channel Blockers used in the treatment of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Verapamil
Diltiazem
123
Anti-arrhythmetic drug that is very effective for treating Digitalis induced ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias in dogs
Phenytoin
124
Anti-arrhythmia drug of choice to treat only Ventricular tachycardia in dogs
Lidocaine given IV
\*Only in dogs, not in cats
125
\_\_\_\_\_ diabetes insipidus is caused by ADH deficiency and treated with Desmopressin
Central
127
Diuretics that decrease aqueous humor in the eye and reduces intra-ocular pressure for the treatment of open angle glaucoma
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
