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Pharmacology Exam 1 > Shokry Material > Flashcards

Shokry Material Flashcards

1
Q

In order for platalets to aggregate, ______ receptors must be activated

A

Fibrinogen

*Fibrinogen binds to receptors on platelets resulting in aggregation

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1
Q

True/False: Once an animals heart stops, you give it epinephrine by any route, but ideally IM

A

True

*Drug of choice in complete AV block

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1
Q

_____ is more likely to cause reflex Bradycardia than Epinephrine

A

Norepinephrine

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1
Q

Digoxin can lead to Gastointestinal _____

A

Irritation

*Digoxin given orally may cause GI irritation

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1
Q

Inodilator drug that is used to treat congestive heart failure in dogs and improve the quality and length of life in dogs with heart failure

A

Pimobendan

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2
Q

Two non drug therapy treatments for Congestive heart failure

A

Restricted Salt diet

Restricted Exercise

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2
Q

True/False: Calcium channel Blockers and Beta Blockers are both used to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrythmias

A

False

*Calcium channel blockers are only used for Supraventricular, while Beta blockers are used for both

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3
Q

Thrombin is also known as Factor _____

A

IIa

*2a

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3
Q

Which drug is used as a Local hemostatic to treat external bleeding by vasoconstriction via alpha 1 agonist stimulation?

A

Epinephrine

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3
Q

A strongly basic drug that binds with acidic Heparin to form a salt, working as the antidote for Heparin

A

Protamine Sulfate

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3
Q

Drug used to control bleeding in dogs with Von Willibrand disease

A

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

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3
Q

Heparin is used in _____ cases, while Warfarin is used _____

A

Heparin- acute cases

Warfarin- Long term

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3
Q

What is the best Osmotic diuretic?

A

Mannitol

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3
Q

Second most efficatious diuretic that inhibits 5% reabsorption of sodium and acts on the early distal tubule

A

Thiazide Diuretics

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3
Q

True/False: Hyperkalemia and systemic alkalosis may result from the use of Loop diuretics

A

False

*Hypokalemia!

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3
Q

_____ Diabetes insipidus is caused by impaired responsiveness of the kidney to ADH and is treated with Thiazide diuretics

A

Nephrogenic

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3
Q

Cardiac stimulant that inhibits Sodium Potassium ATPase leading to increased intracellular calcium and increased heart contractility (positive inotrope)

A

Digoxin

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4
Q

When giving Iron preparations for treatment of Microcytic anemia, is it better to use Ferrous or Ferric? Why?

A

Ferrous

*Less irritating

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4
Q

When a vessel is damaged, _______ is sythesized and released from platelets that stimulates aggregating granules leading to creation of a thrombus

A

Thromboxane A2

*stimulates aggregation of platelets

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4
Q

True/False: Diuretics are drugs that cause urination

A

False

*They do not cause urination, they only increase urine volume

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4
Q

_____ cause diuresis by increasing the excretion of sodium as sodium chloride dissolved in water

A

Diuretics

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4
Q

Beta Blockers and Ace inhibitors lead to an increase in serum _____

A

Potassium

*Hyperkalemia may be a problem

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5
Q

Treats systemic (internal) bleeding due to Warfarin

A

Vitamin K

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5
Q

Antidote for Warfarin Poisoning

A

Vitamin K

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5
Q

Drug that has a positive inotropic effect that increases cardio contractility and output, increaseing GFR and leading to diuresis

A

Digitalis

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5
Q

Drug of choice for Neophrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Thiazide diuretic

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5
Q

In cases of Hypovolemia and Hyponatremia, when the body needs to retain water and sodium, _____ is released

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

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5
Q

True/False: Digitalis has a lower potential of causing Tachyarrhythmias than Pimobendan

A

False

*Pimobendan has a lower potential for Tachyarrhythmias

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6
Q

Prostacyclin binds to platelets when vessels are healthy, stimulating the release of _____, which inhibits the release of granules that contain aggregation agents

A

cAMP

*inhibits platelet aggregation

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7
Q

Drug of choice to treat Central diabetes insipidus which is administered in the conjunctival sac of the eye

A

Desmopressin

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8
Q

What is the proper antianemic drug treatment for microcytic anemia?

A

Iron preparations

*We treat by giving iron

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8
Q

What is the best way to treat hemorrhagic shock?

A

Blood transfusion

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9
Q

Isoproterenol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine are cardiac stimulants used only in emergency that are very potent and can cause ______

A

Arrythmias

*Arrythmogenic drugs

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10
Q

The most efficatious diuretics are known as ____ diuretics and they work on the ascending loop of henle inhibiting 25% of sodium reabsorption

A

Loop

*inhibits 25% reabsorption of sodium

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11
Q

Drugs of choice to treat tachycardia and hypertension due to hyperthyroidism in cats

A

Beta Blockers

*Ex. propranolol

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12
Q

Hypokalemia and Hypercalcemia are adverse effects assocaited with what type of diuretic?

A

Thiazide diuretic

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13
Q

Osmotic diuretic used to treat LOCAL edema, such as cerebral edema and acute glaucoma, which does not cross membrane barriers but rather pulls water across membranes due to osmotic pressure gradients

A

Mannitol

*Treatment of LOCALIZED edema. Can pull water from the brain in the case of cerebral edema and can pull aqueous humor from the eye in cases of glaucoma.

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14
Q

Calcium channel blockers treat ______ arrhythmias because calcium channels are only located in the sinus and atrium of the myocardium

A

Supraventricular

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15
Q

What precursor proteins are present in the blood inactively, but are activated to clotting factors when carboxylase adds two carboxyl groups to them?

A

II, VII, IX, and X

*Carboxylase adds two carboxyl groups to these factors making them activated II, VII, IX, and X, which are now clotting factors

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16
Q

Drug of choice for treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in cats

A

Propanolol

*Beta Blockers

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17
Q

Beta Blockers can lead to Bradycardia that you treat with _____

A

Atropine

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18
Q

Most commonly used loop diuretic that prevents the kidney from retaining sodium, chloride and water which will increase urine volume and rid the body of excess fluids

A

Furosemide

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19
Q

True/False: In patients with a drug overdose, Mannitol should be chosed over Furosemide because Mannitol is less likely to cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

A

True

*Furosemide is very potent and can cause dehydration and hypokalemia- not a good idea to use Loop diuretics in cases of drug overdose unless the patient is well hydrated

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20
Q

Synthetic ADH analog that is more potent and has a longer duration of action than natural ADH

A

Desmopressin

*Treatment of Central diabetes Insipidus

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21
Q

Potassium sparing diuretic that is only administered orally and its mechanism of action is the antagonism of aldosterone

A

Spironolactone

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21
Q

What drug is used to treat sinus bradycardia and Incomplete AV blocks?

A

Atropine

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21
Q

Heart failure will stimulate the ____ system to increase sodium and water absorption leading to increased blood pressure

A

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

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21
Q

Heart failure will stimulate _____ to increase water absorption in the kidneys and incease the amount of water in the body

A

ADH

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21
Q

Digoxin is commonly combined with a Potassium Sparing diuretic such as _____ ,because hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia predispose patients taking Digoxin to Tachyarrhythmias

A

Spironolactone

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22
Q

What Systemic Hemotstatic drug stimulates the formation of Prothrombin (Factor II) and Factros VII, IX, and X in the liver?

A

Vitamin K

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23
Q

Most important adverse effect with Thiazide diuretics

A

Hypokalemia

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24
Q

Drugs of choice for both supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in cats

A

Beta Blockers

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25
Q

What anticoagulant is given orally for long term treatment of Thromboembolic diseases

A

Warfarin

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26
Q

True/False: Epinephrine is indicated in incomplete AV block

A

False

*Contraindicated- will cause tacchycardia and can lead to cardiac arrest

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27
Q

Drug of choice to treat generalized edema, which is edema all over the body

A

Furosemide

28
Q

Drug of choice for treatment of Cardiac asystole

A

Epinephrine

*Asystole = cardiac arrest

29
Q

Osmotic diuretic that is useful in the treatment of cerebral edema, acute glaucoma, and renal failure

A

Mannitol

30
Q

True/False: Digoxin is very good for treating supraventricular tachycardia in dogs

A

True

31
Q

Used to treat Internal bleeding due to Thrombolytic agents

A

Aminocaproid Acid

32
Q

True/False: Loop diuretics are indicated in patients that are dehydrated or hypokalemic

A

False

*Contraindicated- don’t use in patients that are dehydrated or hypokalemic

33
Q

Which anticoagulant binds extensively to albumin leading to a longer duration of action and longer half life in the body

A

Warfarin

*99% bound to plasma protein

34
Q

True/False: Potassium Sparing diuretics are mainly used in combination with other diuretics, such as Thiazide diuretics to counterbalance hypokalemia

A

True

*When combined they decrease the effects of hypokalemia

35
Q

_____ acts as a cofactor with carboxylase to carboxylate the precursors to the active form of II, VII, IX, and X

A

Active Vitamin K

*Carboxylase needs Vitamin K in order to activate the clotting factors

36
Q

Drug of choice for managing Hypertension in cats

A

Amlodipine

*Calcium channel blocker

37
Q

What drugs can lead to Hypotension, Bronchoconstriction, Hyperkalemia, and Hypoglycemia and should not be suddenly withdrawn from patients because that can lead to Tachycardia?

A

Beta Blockers

38
Q

At therapeutic low doses, ______ will overall slow down the heart rate due to withdrawal of the sympathetic system and predominance of the parasympathetic system

A

Digoxin

*Increased contractility will lead to withdrawal of sympathetic innervation and lead to predominance of the parasymathetic system which slows down the heart rate

39
Q

Osmotic drug that is indicated in renal failure because it increases renal perfusion

A

Mannitol

40
Q

In order to prevent the Loop diuretic, Furosemide, from causing hypokalemia or hypomagnesia, it can be combined with the Potassium sparing diuretic _______

A

Spirolactone

41
Q

Inodilator that is a positive inotrope, vasodilator and causes less tachyarrhythmias than Digitalis

A

Pimobendan

*Has led to digitalis becoming obsolete

42
Q

Drugs of choice to control hypertension in hyperthyroid cats

A

Beta Blockers

43
Q

Drugs of choice to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Thiazide Diuretics

44
Q

True/False: Lidocaine can be used to treat supraventricular arrhythmias

A

False

*Only Ventricular

45
Q

What two drugs are mainly used for treatment of emergency hypertension

A

Phenoxybenazmine

Phentolamine

46
Q

Main adverse effect of this diuretic is Hyperkalemia and Systemic acidosis

A

Spironolactone

47
Q

In secondary hemostasis, _____ acts on Fibrinogen to convert it to Fibrin

A

Thrombin (IIa)

47
Q

Used to treat internal bleeding due to Von-Willibrand Disease

A

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

47
Q

Drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and increase the rate of sodium excretion in the form of sodium chloride

A

Diuretics

47
Q

What is the significance of potassium excretion with Loop diuretics?

A

Hypokalemia is a problem

*Can lead to tacchycardia and Tacchyarrhythmias

47
Q

What diuretic is used for treatment of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses?

A

Furosemide

*decreases intrapulmonary pressure

47
Q

While Loop diuretics secrete calcium in the urine, _____ diuretics retain calcium in the body leading to increased serum calcium

A

Thiazide

47
Q

Drugs that are positive inotrophes as well as Vasodilators

A

Inodilators

47
Q

True/False: Digoxin has a narrow safety margin and can cause Bradyarrhythmias as well as Tachyarrhythmias that can kill the patient

A

True

48
Q

Once the vessel has healed, _____ will remove the fibrin causing fibrinolysis, also known as thrombolysis

A

Plasmin

49
Q

What is the only Ace Inhibitor that is approved in dogs in the United States

A

Enalapril

50
Q

True/False: It is okay to use Vitamin K3 (Menadione) in horses

A

False

*Causes renal damage and failure

51
Q

Moldy/Spoiled _____ can cause poisoning in cattle similar to Warfarin, which can be treated with Vitamin K

A

Sweet Clover

53
Q

What anticoagulant inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase, which will inhibit the activation of the clotting precursors II, VII, IX, and X due to reduction in Vitamin K

A

Warfarin

55
Q

What anticoagulant should not be used during pregnancy because it will cross the placental barrier?

A

Warfarin

57
Q

Due to the narrow safety margin with Warfarin, what is the most important toxic effect?

A

Bleeding

*Treated by blood transfusion and Vitamin K1

60
Q

Unlike other diuretics, Sprionolactone elevates serum potassium, which can lead to systemic _____

A

acidosis

62
Q

We treat microcytic anemia either by giving iron preparations or _____ preparations

A

Copper

63
Q

Most effective and most widely used type of diuretic

A

Loop diuretic

65
Q

_____ edema is the most common type of generalized edema and loop diuretics, like Furosemide, are the drug of choice for treatment

A

Pulmonary

66
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers lead to ____ vasodilation, leading to more blood flow to the heart

A

Coronary

*Beta Blockers do not do this

68
Q

Most significant adverse affect of Loop diuretics, such as Furosemide

A

Hypokalemia

*Can lead to Tacchycardia

70
Q

Epistaxis is a nasal bleeding that occurs in animals that bump their noses. Give injection of _____ and flush with epinephrine

A

Vitamin K

71
Q

Granulocyte-Macrophage colony stimulating factor drug which is given to patients on anti-cancer drugs to stimulate growth and multiplication of neutrophils to decrease infections in cancer patients

A

Sargramostim

74
Q

Diuretic that leads to elevated serum potassium and therefore will not cause Hypokalemia in patients

A

Potassium-Sparing diuretics

75
Q

Drug of choice for treatment of a second degree AV block

A

Atropine

*Incomplete AV block

76
Q

______ Arrhythmias occur in the sinus or atriums of the heart

A

Supraventricular

78
Q

Drug of choice to lower High blood pressure in cats

A

Amlodipine

79
Q

What are the three issues associated with the use of non specific Beta Blockers?

A

Bronchoconstriction

Vasoconstriction

Hypoglycemia

81
Q

True/False: Vital functions have to be monitered with use of Heparin, Warfarin, and Thrombolytic agents because they can all cause bleeding with a narrow safety margin

A

True

83
Q

When Vitamin K is in the inactive form (epoxide), to become activated again it must be reduced by _____ enzyme

A

Reductase

84
Q

If the concentration of Digitalis/Digoxin in the blood is too high, the best treatment is ______

A

Digoxin Immune Fab (Digibind)

*Anectode for digitalis/digoxin overdose

85
Q

____ is the main toxic effect caused by Heparin use

A

Bleeding

86
Q

True/False: Both Iron and Copper deficiency can lead to Microcytic anemia and treatment for this is giving Iron or Copper

A

True

87
Q

Plasmin is activated by ______, to break down Fibrin

A

Plasminogen

90
Q

Weakest diuretic, which inhibits less than 2% of sodium reabsorption and acts on the late distal tubule and collecting duct

A

Potassium Sparing Diuretic

91
Q

The drug of choice for treatment of GENERALIZED edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal failure or liver cirrhosis

A

Loop Diuretic

*Furosemide

92
Q

The intravenous drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias due to anesthetics, surgery, and trauma in dogs

A

Lidocaine

94
Q

What anticoagulant can be displaced from plasma protein binding by almost every drug, making drug-drug interactions extrememly important

A

Warfarin

95
Q

Colony stimulating factor drug that stimulates the converstion of the progenitor cell of neutrophils into mature neutrophils

A

Filgarstim (G-CSF)

*Selective only for progenitor cells of Neutrophils causing maturation, differentiation, and proliferation

98
Q

What drug is most commonly used to treat a complete AV block?

A

Epinephrine

*Used to treat cardiogenic shock and arrest

100
Q

Drugs of choice for managing Hypertension in dogs

A

Ace inhibitors

*Enalapril and Benazepril

101
Q

Ace inhibitor used in congestive heart failure in dogs

A

Enalapril

102
Q

True/False: Calcium channel blockers work to vasodilate blood vessels and treat Ventricular Arrhythmias

A

False

*They cause vasodilation and treat Supraventricular arrhythmias ONLY

103
Q

Drug of choice to treat atrial fibrilation in a horse

A

Quinidine

106
Q

What two anticoagulants are used for the treatment of Thomboembolism?

A

Heparin and Warfarin

107
Q

Treats Systemic (Internal) bleeding due to Heparin

A

Protamine Sulfate

108
Q

During secondary hemostasis, Prothrombinase complex acts on ______, converting it to Thrombin

A

Prothrombin (Factor II)

*Know that prothrombin is Factor 2!

110
Q

Non selective alpha blocker that is used in emergency situations to lower very high blood pressure

A

Phenoxybenzamine

113
Q

Drugs that have diuretic effects and are used to treat open-angle glaucoma

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

114
Q

Never give Mannitol in ____ edema, because it will increase the edema.

A

Generalized

*Only used in local edema

115
Q

Where in the nephron do the most efficacious diuretics work?

A

Ascending loop of henle

116
Q

Synthetic ADH analog administered in the conjunctival sac of the eye

A

Desmopressin

118
Q

Most commonly used drug to treat any generalized edema, including congestive heart failure

A

Furosemide

*Can lead to hypokalemia and hypomagnesia- loop diuretic

119
Q

Anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy because it does not cross the placental barrier and will not cause fetal bleeding

A

Heparin

120
Q

Drug used to inhibit converstion of plasminogen to plasmin and used in the treatment of bleeding due to thrombolytic agents

A

Aminocaproic Acid

121
Q

Diuretic that is contraindicated in patients with renal disease because the diuretic will not be able to get to the site of action and will be ineffective

A

Thiazide diuretics

122
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers used in the treatment of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

123
Q

Anti-arrhythmetic drug that is very effective for treating Digitalis induced ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias in dogs

A

Phenytoin

124
Q

Anti-arrhythmia drug of choice to treat only Ventricular tachycardia in dogs

A

Lidocaine given IV

*Only in dogs, not in cats

125
Q

_____ diabetes insipidus is caused by ADH deficiency and treated with Desmopressin

A

Central

127
Q

Diuretics that decrease aqueous humor in the eye and reduces intra-ocular pressure for the treatment of open angle glaucoma

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Pharmacology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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