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Pharmacology Exam 1 > Boots Material > Flashcards

Boots Material Flashcards

1
Q

When treating large dogs over 50 pounds with Levothyroxine, dosing should be done by _____ to prevent oversupplementation

A

Surface area (meter squared)

*Have a much higher chance of excess if we dose on body weight for larger dogs

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1
Q

The most common disease causing clinically significant Hyperglycemia that requires therapy

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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2
Q

Preferred drug for treating Hypothyroidism in all species

A

Levothyroxine Sodium (T4)

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2
Q

Most effective Emetic in cats to induce vomiting

A

Xylazine

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3
Q

Vitamin D formulation that must be hydroxylated in the liver and in the kidney to the primary active form

A

Ergocalciferol

*Least desirable to use

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3
Q

True/False: Most animals with Diabetes Mellitus will require Insulin injections

A

True

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3
Q

Substance formulated alongside the active ingredient in a drug

A

Excipient

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3
Q

Replacement dosing of _____ can be used for the treatment of Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons disease)

A

Glucocorticoids

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3
Q

What are the two types of Hyperadrenocorticism that we will be treating?

A

Pituitary dependent

Adrenal dependent

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4
Q

True/False: Liothyronine (T3) has a faster onset, shorter duration, and greater potency than Levothryoxine (T4)

A

True

*Not typically used to treat hypothyroidism

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4
Q

Phenomenon characterized by rebound hyperglycemia in which the patients is overdosed on Insulin and the body responds by causing the glucose level to shoot up and overswing

A

Somogyi Phemenon

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4
Q

Long term Apetite stimulant mainly used in dogs that increases norepinephrine as well as antagonizing Serotonin

A

Mirtazapine

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4
Q

Anti-emetic that works as a dopamine antagonist and blocks seretonin to decrease vomiting

A

Metoclopamide

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5
Q

Currently the most commonly used form of Vitamin D for lifelong therapy of hypoparathyroidism

A

Calcitriol

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6
Q

When starting treatment for Levothyroxine (T4), what is the recommended daily dosage?

A

Twice daily (BID)

*0.02 mg/kg PO

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6
Q

Common to see increase in _____ on the serum chemistry with excess Glucocorticoid use

A

ALP

*Alkaline phosphatase

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7
Q

True/False: Glucocorticoids will reduce inflammation in various body systems

A

True

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8
Q

Two parenteral formulations used for in the short term for rapid correction of Hypocalcemia

A

Calcium Gluconate- most common

Calcium Chloride

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8
Q

Most commonly used Oral Formulation to treat Hypocalcemia at 400mg/g

A

Calcium Carbonate

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8
Q

Vitamin D formulation that is least desirable to use because effects are not seen until 5-21 days of treatment and after toxic dose exposure it can take up to 18 weeks for resolution

A

Ergocalciferol

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8
Q

Drug used in the long term treatment of Hypercalcemia that “tones down” serum calcium by reducing osteoclast activity

A

Calcitonin

*clinical usefulness if questionable

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8
Q

Drug that is cytotoxic to the adrenal gland used to treat Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Mitotane

*Narrow therapeutic index

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8
Q

Oral use of _____ in cats can cause Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity

A

Diazepam

*Do not give orally to cats

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9
Q

True/False: Radioactive Iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism can be performed without anesthesia and is very safe

A

True

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9
Q

After which Hyperthyroid treatment must patients be hospitalized in isolation for several weeks after treatment due to radioactive substances excreted in the urine

A

Radioactive Iodine

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10
Q

Corticoids whose predominate effect is on Sodium Retention and Potassiume excretion

A

Mineralcorticoids

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11
Q

Glipizide is only used in Type ____ diabetes in cats

A

II

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12
Q

How is Levothyroxine generally administered?

A

Oral BID

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12
Q

True/False: We should treat the patient, not the disease

A

True

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13
Q

What Long acting Insulin is FDA approved insulin for cats that has a 40 IU/mL concentration?

A

Prozinc

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14
Q

Patients lack both Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids, most commonly treated with DOCP plus Prednisone

A

Typical Addisons

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15
Q

Oral Hypoglycemic drug that stimulates insulin secretion by the Beta cells, and therefore requires functioning Beta cells to work

A

Glipizide

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16
Q

Drug used to treat Hyperadrenocorticism that is started with a higher induction dose followed by maintenance dosing in which you need to closely monitor adrenal function

A

Mitotane

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17
Q

Emetic that is commonly instilled into the conjunctival sac

A

Apomorphine

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18
Q

Which Insulin drug are canine receptors 4x more sensitive to than other insulins

A

Detemir

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19
Q

Drugs that will commonly inhibit Fibroblasts in dogs leading to Cruciate injuries

A

Glucocorticoids

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20
Q

Oral Hypoglycemic agents or injectable insulin are used for the treatment of what type of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type II

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21
Q

Used by owners at home during the acute phase of Hypoglycemia, that is drizzled on the gums as emergency therapy

A

Karo Syrup

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22
Q

What short acting Insulin product is the Go to in cases of Hyperglycemia in emergency situations?

A

Regular Insulin

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23
Q

Drug used to mainly treat Pituitary dependent Hyperadrenocorticism where you start at lower doses then increase gradually with daily oral doses for the life of the patient

A

Trilostane

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24
Q

In a canine patient, will we treat Hyperglycemia with injectable insulin or oral Glipizide?

A

Injectable Insulin

*Glipizide is only used in cats with type II diabetes

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25
Q

Vitamin D formulation that has a fast onset and fast resolution after over supplementation

A

Calcitriol

*Clinical effect within 1-3 days

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26
Q

Patient lack Glucocorticoids only and is treated with Prednisone

A

Atypical Addisons

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27
Q

Apetite Stimulate used for long term use that inhibits the satiety center by blocking Serotonin (5-HT1)

A

Cyproheptidine

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28
Q

Oral hypoglycemic drug used in the treatment of Type II diabetes

that does not require functional Beta cells and does not affect insulin secretion

A

Metformin

*Inhibits hepatic glycogenolysis

29
Q

True/False: For dogs we tend to reach for Intermediate acting insulin dosed twice daily and for cats we tend to use Long-acting insulins dosed once daily

A

False

*Dogs on Intermediate insulins and Cats on Long insulins are usually both dosed BID

30
Q

If there is an underlying disease process causing Hypocalcemia, such as hypoparathyroidism, then calcium replacement therapy is usually done short term, while _____ replacement is initiated for long term managment

A

Vitamin D

31
Q

Two Longer acting Glucocorticoids where the duration is over 48 hours

A

Betamethasone

Dexamethasone

32
Q

What two Insulin injections are approved for Veterinary use by the FDA in animals with Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Prozinc

Vetsulin

33
Q

Radioactive iodine is an ______treatment

A

Irreversible

34
Q

What is the endogenous Mineralcorticoid

A

Aldosterone

35
Q

Oversupplementing Levothyroxine chronically can lead to _____

A

Thyrotoxicosis

36
Q

True/False: Mitotane used to treat hyperadrenocortisim in animals can be cytotoxic to humans, particularly pregnant clients, and gloves should be used when handling

A

True

37
Q

Specifically formulated diet for the treatment of feline Hyperthyroidism

A

Hilld Y/D diet

38
Q

When measuring the efficacy of anti-thyroid drugs, we measure ____

A

T4

38
Q

True/False: Calcium Gluconate is more caustic than Calcium Chloride and should never be given SC or IM

A

False

*Calcium Chloride is more caustic and should never be given SC or IM

38
Q

Lifelong therapy for Primary Hypoparathyroidism

A

Vitamin D

38
Q

True/False: Calcitriol does not require parathyroid hormone activation

A

True

38
Q

Long term treatment for Hypercalcemia that reduces bone resorption, decreases GI aborption and increases renal excretion of calcium

A

Prednisone or Prednisolone

*Glucocorticoids

38
Q

What is the most common disease that leads to long term treatment for Hypoglycemia?

A

Non surgical Insulinoma

*Insulin secreting neoplasias

38
Q

For extended IV usage of Dextrose, it must be diluted to a ___% solution

A

5

*Don’t want to exceed 5% Dextrose

38
Q

What Long Acting insulin forms microprecipitates at the injection site which allows very gradual absorption

A

Glargine

38
Q

Most commonly used drug to treat both Pituitary or Adrenal dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Mitotane

38
Q

Repeated dosing of _____ in cats can cause oxidative RBC injury and Heinz body anemia when used for more than 5 days

A

Propofol

39
Q

Disease in which the patient will be sick and not eating considered a medical emergency, which is treated by giving 0.9%NaCl Fluid followed by Regular Insulin with added Dextrose

A

Diabetes Ketoacidosis (DKA)

*Regular insulin via CRI and Dextrose if patient is not eating

40
Q

Most commonly used Anti-emetic that blocks Neurokinin receptors for prevention and treatment of vomiting in dogs and cats

A

Maropitant Citrate

41
Q

What are the two Mineralcorticoids used in the treatment of Hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate (DOCP)

Fludrocortisone

42
Q

The “Go To” Emetic that stimulates dopamine receptors generally used in dogs to cause vomiting

A

Apomorphine

*Only 10% efficacy in cats

43
Q

Single injection treatment for Hyperthyroidism that has a half life of about 8 days

A

Radioactive Iodine

44
Q

Prednisolone has a relative anti-inflammatory potency of 4, compared to ______ that has a relative potency of 30. Making ______ 7.5 x more potent than Prednisolone

A

Dexamethasone

*Glucocorticoids

46
Q

When monitoring the treatment for Hypothyroidism, we are measuring the serum ____ levels

A

T4

48
Q

True/False: Clinical duration of Insulin products is often shorter acting in dogs than cats

A

False

*Shorter acting in cats

52
Q

True/False: Vitamin D is important in the parathyroid response to decreased Calcium in the serum

A

True

55
Q

Treatment for Hypoparathyroidism by increasing calcium absorption in the gut, mobilization from bone, and decreased urinary excretion of calcium

A

Vitamin D Formulations

57
Q

Between Levothyroxine Sodium (T4) and Liothyronine Sodium (T3), which one will have the fastest onset, shorter duration, and greater potency?

A

Liothyronine (T3)

58
Q

100% of the body’s ____ comes from the thyroid

A

T4

59
Q

Hills Y/D diet must be fed _____ for treatment of hyperthyroidism and therefore may not be feasible for indoor/outdoor cats

A

Exclusively

62
Q

Most common Drug used for Replacement therapy in cases of dangerously low Glucose levels

A

Dextrose

63
Q

True/False: Intermediate acting insulins are the first choice in cats

A

False

*The first choice in cats are Long acting Insulins

64
Q

True/False: Short-acting insulins are usually administered as a bolus injection in the ICU

A

False

*Should not be given as a bolus injection. Only give as constant rate infusion

65
Q

True/False: If you give Methimazole to a cat and they develop a side effect, you can give the drug at a lower dose

A

False

*Side effects are not dose dependent- If a cat develops any clinical side effects- STOP TREATMENT

66
Q

Which one of these is not an Oral drug used in the treatment of Hyperglycemia?

Glipizide

Acarbose

Metformin

Rosiglitazone

A

Acarbose

67
Q

Most commonly used oral Hypoglycemic agent used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of type II Diabetes Mellitus in cats

A

Glipizide

*Sulfonylreas

69
Q

_______ and frequent small meals should be your First Line medical therapy for long term Hypoglycemia treatment due to insulin-secreting neoplasia

A

Glucocorticoids

*Prednisone or Prednisolone

70
Q

Most commonly used emergency therapy for Hypoglycemia

A

Dextrose

71
Q

Most common long term treatment for Hypercalcemia

A

Glucocorticoids

*Prednisone or Predisolone

72
Q

Anti-Emetic used mainly for vestibular vomiting in dogs

A

Meclizine

75
Q

If you have a patient on Glucocorticoids (Prednisolone), Sulfonamides, Mitotane, Phenobarbital, Zonisamide, Anesthetic drugs, or Phenylbutazone, you should not be testing their ____

A

Thyroid

*Drugs that interfere with thyroid hormones- need to be off these drugs for at least 4-6 weeks

77
Q

Drug given in a single bolus that is given intravenously diluted 1:4 to prevent phlebitis in cases of acute Hypoglycemia

A

Dextrose

78
Q

Most commonly used drug for treating Hyperthyroidism in cats in North America

A

Methimazole

80
Q

Which short term acting insulin is used in emergency situations where the patient is not eating and you need fine tune control of their glucose levels

A

Regular Insulin

81
Q

In managment of critical care patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, it is best to use ____ acting Insulins

A

Short

82
Q

Treatment for Hyperthyroidism that is a singe injection that will be taken up by the thyroid and will selectively destroy active thyroid tissue

A

Radioactive Iodine

84
Q

True/False: For long term management of Hyperglycemia it is best to use Short acting insulins such as Regular Insulin

A

False

*Regular is only used in the hospital and ICU

85
Q

Drugs that are used in cats with Type II diabetes for owners that fear to give insulin injections

A

Oral Hypoglycemic drugs

*Usually Glipizide

86
Q

Apetitie stimulant used in the hospital that provides short term increase in appetite when given IV

A

Propofol

87
Q

Treatment of Hyperthyroidism that is not as aggresive and T4 levels don’t get dramatically low and is great alternative for a patient that had a bad reaction to Methimazole

A

Hills Y/D diet

88
Q

What type of drugs commonly lead to Gatrointestinal ulcers

A

Glucocorticoids

90
Q

Top two drugs given short term in the hospital to get animals to eat

A

Benzodiazepines

Propofol

91
Q

True/False: Short acting insulins, such as Regular, have immediate onsets and short durations lasting around 1-10 hours

A

True

*Duration is longer if given IM or SC

92
Q

If serum Calcium x serum Phosphorus is greater than ___ there is a higher risk for soft tissue damage and more aggressive management should be considered

A

70

*Kidney Failure may occur at this level

93
Q

What Treatment for Hypothyroidism should be used in patients who have a reduced ability to convert T4 to T3?

A

Liothyronine (T3)

94
Q

Long term Apetite stimulant that is more effective in cats than dogs

A

Cyproheptidine

95
Q

Diet that has restricted level of iodine which reduces that amount of T4/T3 produced

A

Hills Y/D diet

96
Q

True/False: Liothyronine (T3) is commonly used for treatment of Hypothyroidism

A

False

*Clinically it is used to perform T3 suppression test to diagnose hyperthyrodism in cats

97
Q

Which Minteralcorticoid has mild Glucocorticoid

(anti-inflammatory) effects

A

Fludocortisone

*DOCP has no anti-inflammatory effect.

98
Q

Drug used in the long term treatment of Hypoglycemia that increases gluconeogenesis, decreases glucose uptake into tissues, and stimulates glucagon secretion

A

Prednisone or Prednisolone

99
Q

What Mineralcorticoid is given orally BID and has mild glucocorticoid effects

A

Fludrocortisone

100
Q

Long acting insulins are mainly used in what species?

A

Cats

101
Q

Which Long-acting Insulin is more commonly used in dogs, but can be limited in the ability to dose accurately in small dogs due to its higher potency (4x) in canines

A

Detemir

102
Q

T3 is the biologically ____ form

A

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Pharmacology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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