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OU Revision 2019 > Shoah Part 2 - Objects and Memory > Flashcards

Shoah Part 2 - Objects and Memory Flashcards

s. 5.1 of course

1
Q

Where did the rusted milk-churn relic come from?

A

Warsaw Ghetto

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2
Q

What did the milk-churn contain?

A

diaries, posters, documents and papers documenting life in the Warsaw Ghetto

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3
Q

Who conceived the idea and buried the milk-churn?

A

Emanuel Ringelblum (1900 - 1944)

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4
Q

When was the milk-churn buried and under what circumstances?

A

Warsaw Ghetto uprising in 1943

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5
Q

where is the milk-churn now exhibited?

A

Washington Holocaust Memorial Museum

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6
Q

Why did Weinberg & Elieli refer to this as ‘perhaps the Museum’s most important historic artefact’?

A

scale of the tragedy of the Warsaw Ghetto - gave details of life there

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7
Q

Before the war - how many Jewish people lived in Warsaw?

A

375,000 - 30% of the population

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8
Q

Where did the people come from who were forced to live in the Ghetto?

A

towns and countryside around Poland

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9
Q

How many people died of starvation in the ghettos?

A

approximately 10% of inhabitants

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10
Q

What were the dates of the Uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto

A

January 1943 - April 1943

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11
Q

Why was there an uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto?

A

increasing maltreatment of the Jews including mass deportations to the Treblinka extermination camp in July - September 1942

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12
Q

How was the uprising defeated?

A

systematic firing of the ghetto

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13
Q

what happened after the Warsaw ghetto uprising

A

raised to the ground - area turned into a concentration camp for the survivors who were then deported to Treblinka and murdered

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14
Q

Who was Ringelblum?

A

a university professor and historian

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15
Q

When were the milk-churns discovered?

A

only 2 found one in 1946 and 1 December 1950

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16
Q

where is the milk-churn discovered in 195- now?

A

Holocaust Memorial Museum Washington

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17
Q

How is the milk-churn displayed?

A

in front of a fibreglass facsimile of a section of wall from the Warsaw Ghetto which survived

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18
Q

How does the display of the milk-churn create meaning and emotional impact?

A

sand and earth adhere to it - representing its hiding place underground
displayed on its own
meaning supplied by the museum via captions, audio guide, catalogue information

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19
Q

How does the museum display create meaning for the milk-churn?

A

framed by two huge photographs
left hand side - Jewish people with yellow stars on their coats
Right-hand side - bridge from the Lodz ghetto

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20
Q

What is the effect of the display of the milk-churn?

A

being there - as a witness of the forced separation of people
threatening sense of being channelled into a narrow corridor - physical sense of anxiety

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21
Q

Who was the founding director of the Holocaust museum in Washington?

A

Jeshajahu Weinberge

22
Q

How does the founding director explain the importance of authentic objects?

A

a direct link to the events

‘silent witnesses’

23
Q

Name a reconstruction housed in the Holocaust museum and what is it’s impact?

A

gate to the main camp as Auschwitz - not authentic but chilling stage prop which puts the visitor in the shoes of the victims of the holocaust

24
Q

what is the most obvious kind of object commemorating an absent person

A

tomb

with photo, textual inscription, religious symbol

25
Q

What is meant when it is said that a tomb needs human nourishment?

A

relatives and friends to keep the grave clean, replenish flowers

26
Q

How do memorials retain meaning?

A

regular ceremonies and participation of people for whom the memorial has meaning

27
Q

What do memories in the brain require if they are to be remembered

A

stories

28
Q

How can memories be maintained

A

memories can fade unless rehearsed - particularly with others
shared memories are important in the maintenance of memories

29
Q

who argues that all memories, including personal memories are social because without the opportunities for exchange and rehearsal they fade?

A

Sociologist Maurice Halbwachs (1980)

30
Q

Why are memories often seen as unreliable?

A

construct memories around what we think should have happened as well as what we think we heard or saw

31
Q

what are memories often attached to?

A

objects - they stimulate memory

32
Q

who said that processes of forgetting are necessary if people are to ‘move on’ after painful experiences?

A

Forty and Kuchler (1999)

33
Q

how do memories of the departed change?

A

from reflection on loss to celebration of happier times

34
Q

why does collective memory make it difficult to forget?

A

tensions especially where involve acts of war and genocide

35
Q

Why has it taken so long for the widespread memorialisation of the Shoah to develop?

A

due to questions of guilt, blame, compensation and criminal proceedings

36
Q

How many memorials were there in 2010 in Berlin?

A

312

simple plaques to full-scale museums

37
Q

What other term is used for collective memory?

A

social memory

38
Q

what is collective memory?

A

communities may share collective myths or stories, of which each individual may have some direct experience but which goes beyond personal memories

39
Q

what objects can help preserve and rehearse collective memory?

A

Objects, museum displays, photographs, films, novel, memorials with associated ceremonies

40
Q

What did the French historian Pierre Nora argue in relation to collective memory?

A

oral traditions in rural communities keep social memory alive

41
Q

What did Pierre Nora say in relation to why collective memory might be lost?

A

mass migration to cities leaving a vacuum

42
Q

What did Pierre Nora suggest to protect collective memory?

A

he founded a project for historians to write about ‘places of memory’ - creating a sense of identity

43
Q

What puts national identity under stress according to Pierre Nora?

A

wars and sporting events - compounded in the face of racist ideologies and definitions of ethnicity

44
Q

What concern did American Professor of Religion and Culture, Eduard Linenthal express?

A

the millions of individual deaths of the Holocaust would be lost in a story of mass death and a fascination with the technique of destruction

45
Q

What did the Holocaust Museum in Washington consider when looking to represent the story of mass death?

A

wanted visitors to be as bystanders - therefore created a link with the faces of Holocaust victims - whilst painful would provide individual representation

46
Q

What did the Holocaust Museum in Washington create to show both mass death and individual deaths?

A

The Tower of Faces in one of the three-storey towers in the museum

47
Q

What does the Tower of Faces represent and where did they come from?

A

1000 photographs from the Yaffa Eliach Shtetl Collection taken between 1890 and 1941

48
Q

What is the history of the faces in the Tower of Faces?

A

Jewish community in Ejszyski, Lithuania wiped out by SS death squad on 25-26 September 1941. Of 4000 Jews only 29 were left alive

49
Q

Who created the collection which makes up the Tower of Faces in the Holocaust museum in Washington?

A

Dr Yaffa Eliach - survivor from Jewish community in Ejszyski. Pictures of those from the community between 1900 and 1944

50
Q

How are the images presented in the Tower of Faces?

A

images are presented with all the scratches and dust marks transmitted through the processes of copying and enlarging personal photographs

51
Q

where can similar displays such as the Tower of Faces be seen?

A

Yad Vashem centre in Jerusalem - designed by the architect Moshe Safdie
Memorial de la Shoah in Paris

52
Q

What do the Tower of Faces look to achieve?

A

to pause and reflect - recognising the huge numbers but realising that each was an individual lost.

OU Revision 2019 (5 decks)

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