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OU Revision 2019 > Metta Sutta > Flashcards

Metta Sutta Flashcards

1
Q

What does Dhamma mean?

A

The Pali term for the truth of how things are, and practices that lead to knowledge and understanding of that truth

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2
Q

What is the Sanskrit term for Dhamma?

A

Dharma

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3
Q

What does Karma the word mean?

A

Sanskrit word for ‘action’.

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4
Q

What is the philosophy of Karma?

A

whatever is done in this life is influenced by the circumstances of previous lives, and that actions in this life will in turn influence lives to come

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5
Q

what does mantra mean?

A

any formula of words or syllables whose sound is said to have great potency. The words or syllables spoken by the practitioner are understood on various levels, from their literal meaning to elaborate symbolic interpretations

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6
Q

What two forms of meditation are there in Budhism?

A
  1. meditation to calm the mind

2. meditation to develop understanding of dhamma

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7
Q

In what areas can meditation be used?

A

religious and therapeutic purposes

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8
Q

What does nibbana mean?

A

The Pali term used in Buddhism to refer to the highest possible happiness. it means literally ‘blowing out’

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9
Q

What is the word in Sanskrit for nibbana

A

nirvana

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10
Q

What is Pali?

A

an ancient language

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11
Q

where was Pali developed?

A

in the Indian subcontinent

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12
Q

in what language are the early recorded Buddhist texts?

A

Pali

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13
Q

What is Sanskrit?

A

an ancient Indian language used primarily for religious texts

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14
Q

what does the word Sutta mean?

A

Pali term for ‘thread’. It is used to mean a text from the Buddhist tradition that is said to have been composed by the Buddha

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15
Q

What does Tipitaka mean

A

literally means the ‘three baskets’, this term denotes the collection of Buddhist texts

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16
Q

Where did the term ‘canon’ originate from?

What does it mean?

A

Greek
signified a rule or standard
later - describe a body of religious texts that were accepted as authentic within a tradition over a long period of time

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17
Q

what do religious text provide by ways of their canon?

A
  1. range of content
  2. explanation of history
  3. stories of activities / saying of founders and other important individuals
  4. ethical injunctions
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18
Q

what do religious texts deal with?

A

mundane everyday

big questions - meaning of life and death

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19
Q

In what way are Christian, Muslim and Jewish texts authoritative?

A

revealed by God

not constructed entirely by human minds

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20
Q

What disagreements do RC and Protestants have in relation to the Bible?

A

RC include Books of Tobit and Judith and the first and second Books of the Maccabees

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21
Q

What does Judaism have in addition to its Bible?

A

vast collection of ethical and legal guidance for living

provide interpretation or explanation for a new time and place or in new circumstances

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22
Q

How do ancient texts address contemporary issues?

A

go back to the basic principles of the text - underlying lessons.
e.g. use of nuclear arms
not conform to ‘thou shalt not kill’
- sometimes action is better than inaction

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23
Q

In what way are religious traditions not discrete entities?

A

there are divisions that may be deep-rooted and significant - internal conflict
e.g. abortion laws - not all Christians believe in this.

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24
Q

Give an example of different views from another module studied

A

Iconoclasm - destruction of religious images during the reformation

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25
Q

In what way is the Christian Bible seen as authoritative?

A
  1. People identify with the religious traditions the text represents
  2. The Ideas and Stories have influenced western culture
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26
Q

in what ways has the Christian Bible influenced western culture?

A

Laws - morality and ethically
in literature - moral compass/code

underpins western cultural identity

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27
Q

Name a Buddhist canonical text

A

Metta Sutta

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28
Q

What is the Buddhist canonical text based on?

A

sermons of the Buddha

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29
Q

what does the word Buddha mean?

A

the awakened one

30
Q

where did the Buddha originate from?

A

debated, but generally accepted northern India in 5th and 4th centuries BC

31
Q

What did the Buddha wake up from?

A

ignorance and delusion

awakening = wisdom + knowledge

32
Q

What does enlightenment mean?

A

‘the way things really are’

33
Q

After his death, which countries did the Buddha’s teachings go to?

A 
over the course of centuries to:
East Asia - 
  -China
  -Japan
  -Korea
Central Asia
  -Afghanistan
  -Uzbekistan

now also in western countries
North America
Europe

34
Q

What is the difference between the Christian Bible and the Buddhist Canon (apart from the obvious!)

A

Christian Bible = 1 book
Buddhist Canon = vast, thousands of texts, some short and others very long (about a thousand pages long)
More disagreement about which texts are canonical in Buddhism than Christianity

35
Q

How many canons are there in Buddhism today?

A

3 - different geographical areas:
southern tradition of Sri Lanka and SE Asia
eastern tradition of China Japan and Korea
northern tradition of Tibet

lot of common material but some texts are highly influential in some areas and are rejected in others.

36
Q

What is the most important text for many east Asian Buddhists?

A

Lotus Sutra

not recognised by southern Buddhists of Sri Lanka, Thailand and Burma

37
Q

Which text is recognised by all Buddhist scholars across Asia?

A

Metta Sutta

but, particularly significant in south and southeast Asia - where it is not just a canonical text but is in regular use.

they are read and studied but also put to work in other ways

38
Q

in what language is the Metta Sutta written in?

A

Pali - ancient language developed in the Indian Subcontinent

39
Q

What does the word Sutta mean?

A

thread

teaching of Buddha extends threadlike, connecting the Buddha to those who hear it.

40
Q

How is the word Metta translated?

A

Loving kindness

aka ‘goodwill’, or ‘universal love’

41
Q

what does the academic study of religion focus on?

A

understanding the reactions of others

42
Q

who provided the Metta Sutta translation in book 2 which is translated from Pali to English

A

Venerable Dr Hammalawa Saddhatissa (1914 - 1990)

43
Q

Where did the Buddha mainly teach from?

A

northwest India

44
Q

what was the culture like where the Buddha taught from?

A

texts were transmitted orally from generation to generation

45
Q

Who had access to the texts?

A

access was controlled by elite families, passing on to their sons

46
Q

What were the concerns about where the teachings came from?

A

oral method may seem unreliable to modern western societies, but scholars argued that the system allowed for a high degree of accuracy in transmission

47
Q

How did the Buddha change the tradition of texts?

A

not as tightly controlled as earlier Indian religious texts and not controlled within families but maintained oral

48
Q

Who had the task of remembering and preserving the oral teachings?

A

monks - spend much of their time in study including learning texts by heart

49
Q

What does Buddhist tradition say about when the Buddha died

A

all the monks gathered together to recite the teachings they remembered

50
Q

What was the first gathering of monks called?

A

the First Council

51
Q

how many monks were at the first gathering?

A

500

52
Q

How does tradition say which texts were kept?

A

those that all 500 monks agreed on

although modern scholarship calls this into question

53
Q

What criticism is given about the First Council

A

some monks did not agree that the communal recitation was useful
unlikely all monks could have got to the meeting on time - bearing in mind 4th and 5th century

54
Q

Which other sutta is mentioned in book 2?

A

Mahaparinibbana Sutta

55
Q

where is this second sutta from, or represent?

A

conversation between Buddha and closest disciple Ananda when Buddha was close to death

56
Q

What does dhamma mean in Buddhism?

A

the truth of how things are

57
Q

What did the Buddha say would happen after his death?

A

after his death when instruction has ceased, explanation and authority will reside in the teachings that he has given

58
Q

Why did the Buddha not appoint a successor?

A

told his disciples that he was leaving behind what he had taught them as the dhamma and the discipline

59
Q

How can it be decided that a text is authentic?

A

all teachings were required to be given by the Buddha himself or by one of his senior disciples

60
Q

how did the texts have authority?

A

everything they contained, regardless of their author appeared to be the thought and the voice of one mind.

61
Q

Small disagreements about the authentic canon of texts arose quite soon after the Buddha’s death - what happened as a result?

A

formation of different schools who developed their own canons

62
Q

what form did the disagreements take?

A

small points of monastic discipline rather than significant doctrinal matters

63
Q

What is significant about the Pali canon

A

only one of the early collections to survive

64
Q

Which tradition preserves the Pali canon?

A

Theravada Buddhism

meaning - the Buddhism of the Elders

65
Q

Where does the Pali canon obtain it’s authority from?

A

Theravada tradition that it is of a very early date

66
Q

how was the large amount of text put into writing?

A

monks were each assigned a manageable portion to memorise

67
Q

Why was it so important to pass the texts on to subsequent generations?

A

to keep it alive
to follow the teachings
ensure accuracy
authoritative source of truth as taught by the Buddha himself

68
Q

Where were the first texts written down?

A

Sri Lanka - mid or towards end of the first century

69
Q

on what were the texts written?

A

dried palm leaves

70
Q

how were the texts catalogued?

A

collected together in baskets according to their content

71
Q

What do Buddhist practitioners and scholar still refer to the Pali-language canon as?

A

‘the three baskets’

tipitaka

72
Q

What is significant about the Metta Sutta

A

widely used and popular short text

OU Revision 2019 (5 decks)

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