Shipping Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Aframax
A
A system of sizing and freight rate assessment used by the London Tanker Brokers Panel Ltd. known as AFRA (average freight rate assessment). It is used to determine the average cost per ton for various size vessels on a monthly basis. An Aframax-size vessel is in the range of 80,000-130,000 DWT, either crude or product carrier.
2
Q
API
A
American Petroleum Institute
3
Q
API Gravity
A
An arbitrary expression of the weight of a product created by the API. API gravity is equal to (141.5/SG@60deg Fahrenheit)-131.5
4
Q
API Tables
A
Eleven volumes of tables developed by the API to derive the necessary information to perform a cargo calculation.
5
Q
Arrival ballast or “clean” ballast
A
The term is traditionally used on crude carriers to describe seawater introduced into cargo tanks that have been crude-oil-washed and water-rinsed. When discharged to the harbor through an oil content monitor, this ballast should not produce a visible sheen. the oil content of such ballast must not exceed 15 ppm.
6
Q
Ballast
A
Seawater introduced into compartments on a tank vessel for the return leg of a voyage to the loading port. It is the additional weight necessary to bring the vessel to a suitable draft and trim and to reduce stresses and improve stability.
7
Q
Barrel (bbl)
A
Equivalent to 42 gallons
8
Q
Barrel, gross
A
The volume of cargo at the observed temperature in the tank.
9
Q
Barrel, net
A
The volume of cargo corrected to a standard temperature of 60 degrees.
10
Q
Bellmouth
A
The terminal end of the bottom piping in each tank, through which the tank is loaded and discharged. It’s shape is usually flared to approximately 1.5 times the original pipe diameter.
11
Q
Bending stress
A
The stresses resulting from a concentration of weight at a certain location in the hull (uneven load) as well as from the motion of the vessel in a heavy seaway. On a tank vessel bending stress is commonly referred to as a hogging or sagging condition.
12
Q
Benzene
A
An aromatic hydrocarbon with the composition C6H6. It is a regulated cargo (refer to Title 46 CFR Part 197) that requires special handling and safety measures designed to minimize the risk of exposure to vessel personnel.
13
Q
Blank (blind flange)
A
A solid steel disk or plate used to cover and seal the end of a pipeline such as the cargo manifold.
14
Q
Boiling point
A
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a substance is equal to atmospheric pressure.
15
Q
Bph
A
Barrels per hour
16
Q
Bpt
A
Barrels per ton
17
Q
BS&W
A
Bottom sediment and water
18
Q
Bursting pressure
A
A pressure rating typically assigned to cargo and vapor houses.
19
Q
Butterworth
A
A brand name of tank cleaning equipment. it is a term commonly used to describe portable tank cleaning equipment and he process of water-washing (Butterworthing) tanks.
20
Q
CFR
A
Code of Federal Regulations
21
Q
Cloud point
A
The temperature at which wax and other solid substances begin to separate from the liquid when an oil is cooled under specified conditions.
22
Q
Coatings
A
Protective paints or linings applied to the surfaces of a tank to extend the surface life of the steel. The use of coatings has been found to facilitate cleaning and reduce the quantity of scale in cargo tanks.
23
Q
Cofferdam
A
A void or empty space used to physically separate the cargo and noncargo areas of a tank vessel.
24
Q
COI
A
Certificate of inspection
25
Commingling
The blending of two or more petroleum products in a cargo tank or pipeline either intentionally or by accident.
26
Compatibility chart
A chart used to determine potential reactivity between different chemical cargoes or materials.
27
Containment boom
A floating barrier that surrounds a vessel during a cargo transfer or bunkering operation. It is designed to limit the movement of a spill should cargo/bunkers be accidentally discharged into the water.
28
Contamination
The presence of unacceptable quantities of solid residues, rust, water, previous cargo, or together contaminant, resulting in a cargo that is off-specification.
29
Controlled venting
A method of venting the atmosphere of a cargo tank with the object of minimizing the accumulation of cargo vapors on deck and around the superstructure. Typical methods of venting include mast venting and the use of standpipes equipped with high-velocity vent valves.
30
COW
Crude-oil-washing. A fixed tank washing system employing the crude-oil cargo as the cleaning medium. This method of cleaning takes advantage of the solvent properties of crude oil to assist in the removal of oil clingage and deposits from the tank.
31
Cubic meter (when used to indicate cargo quantity)
Metric unit of volume measurement equal to 6.2898 bbls.
32
Cycle time
The length of time it takes a tank washing machine to move through all the angles within the tank during a wash. Reference to the manufacturer's manual will give the time necessary for a particular tank cleaning machine.
33
Demurrage
Compensation from the charterer for time exceeding laytime.
34
Departure ballast
A term used on crude carriers to describe seater ballast introduced into cargo tanks that have been crude-oil-washed and stripped during the discharge operation.
35
Dip
The term that designates the depth of a liquid in a tank.
36
Displacement
The weight of water displaced by the hull; it is exactly equal to the weight of the vessel and its contents.
37
Displacement method
A method of atmosphere replacement utilized in the cargo tanks of an inerted tank vessel. Low-velocity entry of gas and minimal turbulence create a layered effect between the incoming and outgoing gases.
38
DOI
Declaration of inspection. A pretransfer checklist that must be completed by vessel and terminal personnel.
39
Double-hull construction
A method of vessel construction in which the cargo carrying compartments are separated from the sea by an inner and outer hull (two pieces of steel)
40
DWT
Dead weight tonnage. The amount of cargo, fuel, water, and stores a vessel can carry when fully loaded, expressed in either long tons or metric tons.
41
EEZ
Exclusive economic zone. The area extending 200 miles offshore of the United States.
42
Entry permit
A document issued by a responsible person prior to permitting the entry of personnel in to an enclosed space.
43
Epoxy
A special two-part resin or paint (hard coating) used to protect tank surfaces from salt-water corrosion and attack by certain aggressive chemical cargoes.
44
Explosimeter
Combustible-gas indicator
45
Fire point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to support sustained combustion in the presence of an external source of ignition.
46
Fixed containment
A permanent trough or coaming under the manifold connections designed to collect any cargo spillage during the connecting and disconnecting of hoses or arms.
47
Flash point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to form a flammable mixture with air in the presence of an external source of ignition. the vapors will ignite momentarily but are not capable of sustaining combustion.
48
Free surface
Refers to the free movement of liquid (such as cargo or ballast water) in a tank which has a negative effect on the stability of the vessel.
49
FWA
Free water allowance
50
Gas free
A tank or other enclosed space is considered gas free when sufficient fresh air has been introduced into the space to lower the level of flammable and toxic vapors and increase the oxygen level of a specific purpose.
51
Gas-freeing
The process of ventilating a space with air or prepare the pace for various operation such as entry, drydock, hot work, and so on. Before gas-freeing an inerted cargo tank, the operator must ensure the space has been properly purged of hydrocarbon vapors to prevent the creation of a flammable atmosphere.
52
Gauging, closed
A method of measuring the liquid level in a tank by means of a device, which penetrates the tank and does not result in the release of the atmosphere in the space. This device enables the operator to maintain a vapor-tight deck. Examples include float-type, electrical resistance, radar, pressure sensing, and magnetic probe.
53
Hog
Bending stress caused by the uneven distribution of weight on a vessel. A hog condition is created when there is a concentration of weight at the ends of the vessel; the deck is subjected to tension and the keel is under compression.
54
Hydrocarbon
Any compound made up of hydrogen and carbon exclusively.
55
Inert condition
An atmosphere is said to be in an inert condition when it is incapable of supporting combustion through oxygen deficiency. It consists of gas or a mixture of gases with an oxygen content of 8 percent or less by volume.
56
Inert gas
A gas or mixture of gases containing insufficient oxygen to support the combustion of hydrocarbons.
57
Inerting, primary
The process of gas replacement in which inert gas is introduced in to a space with the object of establishing an inert condition. Primary inerting is typically performed leaving the shipyard.
58
Innage
A measurement of the depth of liquid in a tank (the distance from the surface of the cargo to the bottom of the tank)
59
INTERTANKO
The International Association of Independent Tanker Owners
60
Laytime
The amount of time allowed fro cargo loading and discharge as specified by the charter party.
61
Lightering
The transfer of bulk liquid from the vessel to be lightered (VTBL) to a service vessel. Ligherting is usually necessary in areas where draft limitations or local regulations prevent the VTBL from proceeding directly to a dock.
62
Light ship
The weight of the empty ship. (Displacement of a vessel with no cargo, crew, stores, fuel, water, and ballast; usually expressed in long tons or metric tons)
63
Longitudinal bulkhead
Fore-and-aft bulkhead running the entire length of the cargo areas of the vessel. On a typical single-hull vessel, two of them are used to separate the cargo area into three distinct tanks athwartships: a center tank and a set of wing tanks.
64
Longitudinals
Numerous fore-and-aft framing members in the structure of a tanker.
65
LOT
Load-on-top. An operational technique devised by the tanker industry to retain oily/water mixtures on board in order to reduce sea pollution.
66
Manifold
The vessel/shore connection point on a tanker, usually located amidships. The manifold piping extends athwartships, thereby permitting the vessel to tie up with either side to the dock. Each manifold is equipped with its own valve frequently called a "header."
67
OBO
Oil/bulk/ore carrier. Also called a combination carrier. A vessel specially constructed to carry various liquid and solid cargoes in bulk.
68
OBQ
Onboard quantity of cargo
69
Panamax
60,000-80,000 dwt
70
LR1
60,000-80,000 dwt
71
Handymax
32,000-42,000 dwt
72
MR
42,000-60,000 dwt
73
LR2
80,000-130,000 dwt
74
Suezmax
130,000-200,000 dwt
75
VLCC
200,000+ dwt
76
ULCC
320,000+ dwt
77
Pour point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid will remain a fluid
78
PIC
Person in charge. An individual possessing the proper USCG endorsement to control a cargo transfer involving dangerous liquids or liquefied gases on a tankship or barge.
79
ROB
Cargo (remaining on board) at the completion of the discharge operation.
80
Sag
Bending stress caused by the uneven distribution of weight on a vessel. A sag condition is created when there is a concentration of weight in the midsection of the vessel: the deck is subjected to compression and the keel is under tension. See also hog.
81
Segregated ballast system
A system on a tanker consisting of tanks, piping, and pumps used exclusively for ballast service. A segregated ballast system should not have any interconnection to the cargo system of the vessel.
82
SOLAS
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
83
Sour crude oil
Any crude oil containing a significant amount of sulfur and sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide gas) which is characterized by the objectionable odor of rotten eggs.
84
Specific gravity
The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance at a standard temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit to the weight of an equal volume of freshwater.
85
SPM
Single-point mooring
86
Tanker
Any vessel designed to carry liquid cargo in bulk.
87
Ton, long
A unit weight: 2,240 pounds (1,016 kg)
88
Ton, metric
A unit of weight: 2,204 pounds (1,000 kg)
89
Ton, short
A unit of weight: 2,000 pounds (907 kg)
90
Topping off
The process of completing the loading of a cargo tank to a specified ullage. it is considered a critical operation in the transfer of cargo given the heightened potential for a spill. Under U.S. regulations, any critical operation requires the direct supervision of the PIC.
91
Topping up
The introduction of inert gas into a tank already in the inert condition with the object of raising the tank pressure to prevent the ingress of air.
92
TPI
Tons per inch immersion.
93
Transverse bulkhead
A solid bulkhead running in the athwartship direction usually separating cargo tanks.
94
Ullage
The measurement of free space above the liquid in a tank. it is the distance from the surface of the liquid in the tank to a reference datum on deck, normally the rim of the ullage opening in the hatch. Reference to the ullage calibration tables fro the vessel will give the volume of liquid in the tank (gross volume)
95
Ullage opening
Small opening in the tank hatch on deck that serves as the reference point for measurement of liquid (cargo) in the tank.
96
Vapor
A gas below its critical temperature.
97
Vetting
A term used to describe the inspection of a tank vessel under consideration for hire by a charterer
98
Viscosity
A measure of a liquid's internal resistance to flow. It is useful when determining the pumpability of the cargo as well as the need to heat it.
99
VOC
Volatile organic compound
100
Volatility
The tendency of a liquid to vaporize.
101
VRP
Vessel response plan
102
VLPCs
Very large product carriers
103
AG
Arabian Gulf (also Persian Gulf)
104
A/R
Antwerp-Rotterdam range
105
AARA
Amsterdam-Antwerp-Rotterdam Area
106
ACP
African, Caribbean, Pacific countries
107
AH
Range of ports between and including Antwerp and Hamburg
108
AK
Alaska
109
ANTHAM
Antwerp-Hamburg range
110
APG
Arabian Persian Gulf
111
ARA
Antwerp-Rotterdam-Amsterdam range
112
ATL
Atlantic Ocean
113
AUSSIE
Australia
114
B/H
Bordeaux-Hamburg range
115
B/R
Bordeaux-Rouen
116
BA
Buenos Aires
117
BA/BB
Buenos Aires/ Bahia Blanca range
118
BENELUX
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
119
BLSEA
Baltic Sea
120
BSEA
Black Sea
121
C and/or J
China and/or Japan
122
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States
123
CAR or CARIB
Caribbean Islands
124
CHINPO
China Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans
125
CHN
China
126
COH
Cuba, Orinoco River and Haiti
127
CONT
Continent or Europe
128
EC
East Coast
129
EC
European Communities
130
ECGB
East coast of Great Britain
131
ECI
East coast of Ireland
132
ECIND
East coast of India
133
ECM
East coast of Medico
134
ECNA
East coast of North America
135
ECSA
East coast of South America
136
ECUK
East coast of United Kingdom
137
ECUS
East coast of USA
138
EEC
European Economic Community
139
EGY
Egypt
140
EI
East Indies
141
EMED
East Mediterranean
142
FEAST
Far East
143
FRISCO
San Francisco
144
G-H
Ghent-Hamburg range
145
GB
Great Britain
146
GIB
Gibraltar
147
GNS
German North Sea
148
GOM
Gulf of Mexico
149
HKG
Hong Kong
150
INDO
Indonesia
151
IOM
Isle of Man
152
IOR
Indian Ocean Region
153
JPN
Japan
154
KRS
Koreans
155
LA
Los Angeles
156
LAKES
Great Lakes
157
LB
Long beach (USA)
158
LND
London
159
LPL
Liverpool
160
MAA
Mina Al Ahmadi
161
MED
Mediterranean
162
MEG
Middle East Gult
163
MEX
Mexico
164
MSC
Manchester Ship Canal
165
N
North
166
N CONT
North Continent
167
n.E.
Not east of
168
n.N.
Not north of
169
n.W.
Not west of
170
n.S.
Not south of
171
N/A
North America or North Atlantic
172
NCSA
North Coast of South America
173
NCS
North Continental Shelf
174
NEOBIG
Not east of but including Greece
175
NG
Nigeria
176
NOLA
New Orleans
177
NOPAC
North Pacific Ports
178
NY or NYK
New York
179
PAC
Pacific Coast
180
PAD
Pacific Australia Direct
181
PAN
Panama
182
PPUK
Picked Ports of UK
183
PQ
Province of Quebec
184
PRC
Peoples Republic of China
185
RAPL
Rotterdam-Amsterdam pipeline
186
RBAY
Richard's Bay
187
ROTT
Rotterdam
188
SA
South America; South Australia; South Africa
189
SEA
South East Asia
190
SKOR
South Korea
191
SPB
St. Petersburg
192
SPN
Spain
193
SPORE
Singapore
194
TP
Transpacific
195
UKHAD
UK and Le Havre-Antwerp-Dunkirk range
196
UKHH
UK and Le Havre-Hamburg range
197
UAE
United Arab Emirates
198
UK
United Kingdom
199
UKCS
UK Continental Shelf
200
US
United States
201
USAC
US Atlantic Coast
202
USEC
US East Coast
203
USNOPC
US North Pacific
204
USWC or USWE
US West Coast
205
W/A or WAF
West Africa
206
WAG
West Asia Gulf
207
WC
West Coast
208
WCA
West Coast Africa
209
WCI
West Coast India
210
WCMEX
West Coast Mexico
211
WCNA
West Coast North America
212
WCSA
West Coast South America
213
WCUK
West Coast UK
214
WCUS
West Coast US
215
WE/EI
West Britain/East Ireland
216
WEST
Western Europe
217
Y/A
York/Antwerp (rules)
218
YUGO
Yugoslavia
219
Clean Petroleum Products
Gasoil, diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha, clean condensates
220
Condensates
Natural gas liquids heavier than butane
221
Naphtha
Used as a chemical feedstock for steam cracking to produce petrochemicals (ethylene, propylene and pyrolysis gasoline) and as a fuel input to catalytic reforming for gasoline blending stock and BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes)
222
Gasoil
Used as a chemical feedstock for steam cracking, although generally less preferred than naphtha and NGLS.
223
Charter Party
A written contract between the owner of a vessel and the person desiring to employ the vessel: sets forth the terms of the arrangement (duration, freight rate, etc.)
224
Charter
A person or firm who enters into a contract with a shipowner for the transportation of cargo or passengers for a stipulated period of time (i.e. a shipowner's customer)
225
P&I Club
Protection and indemnity
226
Deadweight cargo
A long ton of cargo that can be stowed in less than 40 cubic feet
227
Laytime
The amount of time allowed for cargo loading/discharge as specified by the charter party.
228
Lading
Refers to the freight shipped, contents of the shipment.
229
Worldscale
Worldwide Tanker Nominal Freight Scale Worldscale Association publishes a lengthy schedule of rates for popular tanker voyages. The printed figures, worldscale 100's, reflect application of tanker operating cost assumption to the ports and distance steaming time ton route. These flat rates appear in US dollars per ton of cargo.
230
Fixing
Chartering a vessel
231
Fixture
Agreement of contract for transportation.
232
Bunkers
Fuel, usually residue grades burned by ships main engines. The most familiar kind, called Bunker C may contain a high concentration of sulfur and have a high specific gravity, but must meet a viscosity specification which assures free flow at the temperatures vessels' fuel system can maintain.
233
Indemnity bond
An agreement to hold a carrier harmless with regard to a liability.
234
Lien
A legal claim upon good for the satisfaction of some debt or duty.
235
Laycan
Laydays/cancelling - the period of time when a spot charted ship must arrive to load a cargo. The period ends with the last moment a ship can give Notice of Readiness to berth and lift a cargo within its laydays. If the tanker does not arrive by that point, the charterer usually has several options including cancelling the charter..
236
TCE
Time charter equivalent - A shipping industry standard used to calculate the average daily revenue performance of a vessel. TCE is calculated by taking voyage revenues, subtracting voyage expense and then dividing the entire total by the round-trip voyage duration days. AVERAGE DAILY REVENUE PERFORMANCE OF A VESSEL.
237
COA
Contract of Affreightment - An agreement between a shipowner and a charter for the carriage of a certain amount of specified cargo or grades of cargo on named routes over a period of time. owners may use any suitable ships at their disposal to meet the contract's requirements.
238
Bill of lading, net
Gross volume less water, less sediment and water, converted to standard temperature.
239
Coated
Vessel cargo tanks coated with epoxy for the transport of clean products.
240
Fully-fixed
When a shipowner and charterer finalize a deal they say they have a "fully-fixed" ship. They have settled all of the issues including the price to employ the vessel.
241
Gross registered tonnage
The function of the molded volume of all enclosed spaces of a ship [100 cubic fee is equal to 1 ton].
242
Keel to mast
KTM - The distance from the keel of a vessel to the vessel's highest point.
243
Lightering clause
Charterer has the right to arrange lightering in accordance with OCIMF standards for ship-to-ship transfers. Lightering vessel is to be approved b y the vessel owner or disponent owner.
244
Panama canal net registered tonnage (PCNRT)
Based on net tonnage, modified for Panama Canal purposes. Panama Canal/universal measurement system (PC/UMS) is based on a mathematical formula to calculate a vessel's total volume, a PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet per day.
245
Part Cargo
A cargo which is not a full cargo due to limitations based on load line regulations or other constraints.
246
Subjects (ON SUBS)
Unresolved items which prevent confirmation of a deal. Tanker chartering and oil trading both involve negotiations which conclude "subject to" removal of some exception. A charterer might fix a ship subject to stem confirmation or subject management approval of buyer's credit.
247
To best of owners knowledge (TBOOK)
Formal verification of a statement by vessel owner
248
Tons per centimeter
Amount of weight of cargo in metric tons required to submerge the vessel by one centimeter in salt water.
249
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
In lieu of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill all vessels and facility owners must develop plans detailing the steps which would be taken in the event of an oil spill. The plan must include contractual arrangements with US oil spill cleanup organizations. Foreign shipowners need to designate a qualified individual to act on their behalf if a spill were to occur. The provision has been in effect since 1993.
250
Liability
OPA 1990 does not hold cargo owners liable for oil spills, shipowners are subject to limits of $1,200 per gross ton of oil. Onshore facility and deepwater port owners to $350 million; and offshore facility owners $75 million. OPA 1990 subjects the party responsible for the oil spill to unlimited liability for gross negligence, willful misconduct, violation of any federal operating or safety standard, or failure to report a spill or take part in a clean up.
251
Spill fund
The law established a $1 billion oil spill liability trust fund. A 5% barrel of federal tax on oil was instituted to form the fund. Third parties can submit damage claims against the fund. The USCG can access the fund in the event the spill's responsible party cannot be identified.
252
Detention
A claim for detention is noarmally issued when specific delays are caused by a charterer in breach of the charter party, which cannot be governed by "laytime calculations." Examples include legal stoppage by court orders, violations of local government's rules, etc. Owner must prove damages.
253
Deviation
A voluntary or mandatory divergence of the ship from her voyage as set forth in the charter party.
254
Recoverable demurrage
Charterer can claim demurrage from the supplier or receiver.
255
Laytime (2)
On of the most important terms of the charter party because it limits the total free port time for loading and discharging. Most charter parties allow 72h, others 96h or 120h. If time spent for loading and discharging cargo exceeds laytime allowed, the owner is entitled to collect demurrage from the charterer. A charterer's liability to pay demurrage is absolute unless the delay is caused by owner, the local laws, or is excluded by provisions set forth in the charter party.
256
Commencement of laytime
For laytime to officially start, vessel must meet all three criteria listed below: 1. vessel has to arrive at port, place or berth, both "physically and legally." 2. vessel has to be in "all respects ready" to load or discharge. 3. vessel has to tender "Notice of Readiness" or "NOR" as per the charter party, correctly and efficiently. Three terms are commonly used to determine physical arrival: port limit, customary anchorage, and waiting area.
257
Early loading
Allows charterer to gain additional laytime by agreeing to load the cargo before commencement of laydays can be considered a mutual benefit to owners and charterers as it is an efficiency in the system.
258
Missed cancelling
The owner has an absolute duty to present his vessel at the port with reasonable dispatch. However, complications can arise: cargo is ready, but ship cannot reach the port in time, weather delays, breakdowns, etc. ***In the event that the owner might miss the cancelling date of the laydays it is his obligation to immediately inform the charterer. Charterer may request mutual cancelling of the charter party or extend the laycan.
259
Clause paramount
Determines that the legal basis for the Bill of Lading shall be either the US Carriage of Goods by the Sea Act or the Hague Rules.
260
Hague Rules
Hague Rules defines the carrier's requirements in exercising due diligence: Ship must be sea worthy and properly maintained and manned; ship must be fit and safe to receive and carry the cargo; proper cargo loading and handling; proper issuing of Bill of Lading to the shipper is required. Hague Rules provide for a carrier's defense against claims arising from the following causes: act of neglet or default by the master, navigator, or pilot etc.; fire, perils of the sea, act of God, hostilities, strikes, quarantine, etc.; any causes except the actual fault of the carrier.
261
TOVALOP
Tanker Owner Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution. TOVALOP is a private organization, guaranteeing cover of pollution liability separately from that which is provided by P&I clubs. Further coverage is available under CRISTAL (contract regarding an interim supplement to tanker liability for oil population. CRISTAL is funded by the oil industry but only applies where cargo carried belongs to a CRISTAL member. Cover takes over where TOVALOP ends.
262
COFR
Certificate of Financial Responsibility - guiding principle is that parties responsible for water pollution should bear the "clean up cost" - administered (along with OPA) by the USCG - a COFR is issued to vessel operators who have demonstrated their ability to pay for clean up and damage costs up to the liability limits requirements by OPA.
263
P&I Clubs
Protection & Indemnity - Provide cover for ship owners against third party liabilities relating to the use and operation of ships: insures for pollution liability of $1 billion per incident; covers liabilities and indemnities including injury to crew and passengers and other on board, cargo loss and damage, oil pollution, war risk, piracy, wreck removal, dock damage, hull and machinery insurance; vessels must stay within warranty limits (WIWC) i.e. avoid northern/southern regions with severe weather and icebergs.
264
IMO
International Maritime Organization - specialized agency of the UN with the responsibility for the safety and security of marine transportation and for prevention of marine pollution by ships.
265
River ports
River ports in many cases are draft restricted and freshwater allowance applies. Sometimes river ports are subject to traffic control and daytime transit which could cause berthing delays. Some river ports have air draft restrictions which could limit the availability of suitable tonnage.
266
Offshore terminals
Generally designed for crude oil export and the so-called SBMs (single buoy mooring systems) are utilized. SMBs are highly weather effective and it is easy to berth and unberth to and from them.
267
Onshore terminals
Usually of breasting dolphin design and certain restrictions could apply: DWT and displacement, parallel body length, distance-bow to center manifold-stern to center manifold, COA, special mooring rope requirements and others.
268
Weather ports
Places with the established reputation of constraint delays due to weather conditions, normally located in unprotected, open sea areas, any delays due to weather normally count as laytime or time on demurrage in full and is not split at 50/50 between charterer and owner. Vessels offering on a market call, indicating any weather or delay prone ports in their itinerary, should be avoided, if possible, as they might not be able to make the laydays.
269
Seasonal restrictions
Some ports and regions are affected by seasonal weather problems such as fog, hurricanes, and other conditions.
270
Trading areas
Can be affect by: piracy, channel draft restrictions (Malacca Straits), national and international regulations (like OPA, emission control areas (ECA)), boycotts, geographical restrictions, limits on WIWC (within warranty limits), NEOBIG (not east of but including Greece), NNOGWB (not north of George Washington Bridge), and others.
271
Lightering areas
Designated for ship-to-ship transfer service: are usually located offshore and could be weather exposed, vessels chartered to be lightered or to provide lightering service must strictly comply with OCIMF ship-to-ship transfer guide (latest edition). Some companies like Exxon have their own additional lightering questionnaire, which must be competed to their satisfaction in order to get the vessel's acceptability.
272
Load lines
The waterline corresponding to the maximum draft to which a vessel is permitted to load, either by freeboard regulations, the conditions of classification, or the conditions of service. ENSURE A VESSEL'S STABILITY.
273
Plimsoll mark
Line or mark shows the safe "freeboard" (distance from water to weather deck). There are 6 load lines: tropical fresh, fresh, tropical, summer, winter, winter North Atlantic. Marks (series of horizontal lines) correspond to the seasons of the year and fresh and salt water painted on the outside of a ship marking the level which must remain above the surface of the water for the vessel's stability.
274
MAFRA
Modified Average Freight Rate Assessment - rate contains the spot rate element and a time charter hire element to counter balance the spot market volatility.
275
Allocation group
Direct link between the supply and the marine group. Allocation receives the transportation requirement from the supply group in a timely manner as stipulated in the COA and schedules the most suitable vessel against it.
276
Chartering group
Responsible to spot charter in suitable tonnage in order to meet the transportation requirements of the supply department and to charter controlled tonnage in the event those vessels cannot meet required loading windows.
277
Marine group
As a cost center generates its revenues from freight payable by the supply or trading group based on agreed freight formula called MAFRA. In this fashion, the marine group covers its operating expenses by collecting cost allocations from the affiliates who require their services.
278
Broker panel
Advantages: close business relationships between charterers, brokers, owners; brokers fully understand the charterer's requirements and business as a whole; information flow is better as brokers have wide geographic coverage; large brokerage companies provide access to data, analysis, research reports, and ongoing spot and term market intelligence; company chartering personnel can stay more focused.
Disadvantages: In a strict rotational system, brokers may get complacent; brokers who provide additional market info via research capabilities may not be properly rewarded.
279
Market call
Advantages: broker dissemination of infor allows for more shipowners to potentially participate in the business.
Disadvantages: In a rising market, competitive rates may not be obtained as the business will be transparent to the market and owners will want to see what other business may be available.
280
Private cargo
Advantages: shipowners are typically more likely to provide competitive rates when they perceive that the broker has a good working relationship with the charterer.
Disadvantages: trust is given almost entirely to the broker handling the cargo.
281
Term coverage
Advantages: Allows for more control of transportation system and limits exposure to possibly volatile spot markets; quality coverage is assured.
Disadvantages: Quality tonnage is not always assured for particular movements.
282
Spot coverage
Advantages: Allowing a portion of chartering requirements to move on the spot market provides higher utilization for owned and time chartered tonnage; allowing for information flow to chartering personnel on a daily basis.
Disadvantages: Quality tonnage is not always assured for particular movements.
283
Charters should know
tonnage availability; freight rate tendencies and forecasts; cargo and chartering activities; expected delays and intelligence on load and discharge ports and terminals of interest; knowledge of new and existing marine industry rules and regulations; other information pertaining to the industry must be pursued and understood.
284
Brokers provide
tonnage availability; freight rate tendencies; fixture reports; info on load and discharge ports; macro market info on supply and demand of crude oil, products, and LNG, ton mile demand outlooks; feet size assessments; full operational support and assistance.
285
Downward quantity tolerances
The Downward Quantity Tolerance (DQT) is the amount by which a buyer may fall short of its full Annual Contract Quantity in a Take or Pay gas sales contract without incurring sanctions. If there is no provision requiring the buyer to take supplementary volumes in subsequent years to make good for the deficiency, the Annual Contract Quantity becomes in effect the ACQ minus the DQT.
286
AA
Always Afloat. A contract term requiring that the vessel not rest on the ground. In some ports the ship is aground when approaching or at berth.
287
AAR
Abbreviation for:– Against All Risks (insurance clause).
288
Abaft
A point beyond the midpoint of a ship’s length, towards the rear or stern.
289
Abandon
A proceeding wherein a shipper/consignee seeks authority to abandon all or parts of their cargo.
290
Abatement
A discount allowed for damage or overcharge in the payment of a bill.
291
ABI
U.S. Customs’ “Automated Broker Interface,” by which brokers file importers’ entries electronically.
292
Aboard
Referring to cargo being put, or laden, onto a means of conveyance.
293
Absorption
One carrier assumes the charges of another without any increase in charges to the shipper.
294
Acceptance
– A time draft (or bill of exchange) that the drawee (payer) has accepted and is unconditionally obligated to pay at maturity.
– Broadly speaking, any agreement to purchase goods under specified terms.
295
Accessorial Charges
Charges that are applied to the base tariff rate or base contract rate, e.g., bunkers, container, currency, destination/delivery.
296
Acquiescence
When a bill of lading is accepted or signed by a shipper or shipper’s agent without protest, the shipper is said to acquiesce to the terms, giving a silent form of consent.
297
Acquittance
A written receipt in full, in discharge from all claims.
298
ACS (A.C.S.) or ACE
U.S. Customs’ master computer system, “Automated Commercial Systems.” Now being replaced by the Automated Commercial Environment system.
299
Act of God
An act beyond human control, such as lightning, flood or earthquake.
300
Ad Valorem
A term from Latin meaning, “according to value.” Import duty applied as a percentage of the cargo’s dutiable value.
301
Administrative Law Judge
A representative of a government commission or agency vested with power to administer oaths, examine witnesses, take testimony, and conduct hearings of cases submitted to, or initiated by, that agency. Also called Hearing Examiner.
302
Advance
To move cargo up line to a vessel leaving sooner than the one booked.
303
Advanced Charge
A charge paid by a carrier to an agent or to another carrier, which the delivering carrier then collects from the consignee. Such charges are usually for agents' forwarding fees and incidental expenses paid out of pocket for account of the shipment by an agent or other carrier.
304
Advanced Notice of Arrival (ANOA)
Any vessel entering United States waters from a foreign port is required to give a 96–hour ANOV. Any vessel of 300 gross registered tonnage and greater is required to give the ANOA to the U.S. Coast Guard’s National Vessel Movement Center. Any vessel under 300 gross registered tons is required to give the ANOA to the appropriate Captain of the Port.
305
Adventure
Shipment of goods on shipper’s own account. A bill of adventure is a document signed by the master of the ship that carries goods at owner’s risk. Also, a term used in some insurance policies to mean a voyage or a shipment.
306
Advising Bank
A bank operating in the seller’s country that handles letters of credit on behalf of a foreign bank.
307
Affreightment, Contract of
An agreement by an ocean carrier to provide cargo space on a vessel at a specified time and for a specified price to accommodate an exporter or importer.
308
Agency Tariff
A tariff published by an agent on behalf of several carriers.
309
Agent (Agt.)
A person authorized to transact business for and in the name of another person or company. Types of agents are:(1) brokers, (2) commission merchants, (3) resident buyers, (4) sales agents, (5) manufacturer’s representatives.
310
Agreed valuation
The value of a shipment agreed upon in order to secure a specific freight rate.
311
All In
The total price to move cargo from origin to destination, inclusive of all charges.
312
Allision
The striking by a moving vessel against a stationary object
313
Alternative Rates
Privilege to use the rate producing the lowest charge.
314
Ambient Temperature
The temperature of a surrounding body. The ambient temperature of a container is the atmospheric temperature to which it is exposed.
315
American Bureau of Shipping
U.S. classification society which certifies seagoing vessels for compliance to standardized rules regarding construction and maintenance.
316
AMS
The U.S. Customs’ “Automated Manifest System.”
317
Anti–Dumping Duty
A tariff imposed to discourage sale of foreign goods, subsidized to sell at low prices detrimental to local manufacturers.
318
Apparent Good Order
When freight appears to be free of damage so far as a general survey can determine.
319
Arrival Notice
A notification by carrier of ship’s arrival to the consignee, the “Notify Party,” and – when applicable – the “Also Notify Party.” These parties in interest are listed in blocks 3, 4 and 10, respectively, of the Bill of Lading.
320
Assignment
The transfer of certain rights from one party to another.
321
Astern
– Behind a vessel
| – Move in a reverse direction.
322
ATDNSHINC
Any time Day or Night Sundays & Holidays Included. A chartering term referring to when a vessel will work.
323
Athwartships
A direction across the width of a vessel.
324
Automated Identification System (AIS)
It is a system used by ships and Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) principally for the identification and the locating of vessels. AIS provides a means for ships to electronically exchange ship data including: identification, position, course, and speed, with other nearby ships and VTS stations.
325
Avoirdupois Pound
Same as 0.4535924277 kilograms.
326
AWWL
Always within Institute Warranties Limits (Insurance purpose).
327
BB
Abbreviation for:
– Ballast Bonus: Special payment above the Chartering price when the ship has to sail a long way on ballast to reach the loading port.
– Bareboat: Method of chartering of the ship leaving the charterer with almost all the responsibilities of the owner.
328
B/L
Abbreviation for “Bill of Lading.”
329
Backhaul
To haul a shipment back over part of a route it has traveled.
330
BAF
Abbreviation for “Bunker Adjustment Factor.” Used to compensate steamship lines for fluctuating fuel costs. Sometimes called “Fuel Adjustment Factor” or FAF.
331
Bank Guarantee
Guarantee issued by a bank to a carrier to be used in lieu of lost or misplaced original negotiable bill of lading.
332
Barratry
An act committed by the master or mariners of a vessel, for some unlawful or fraudulent purpose, contrary to their duty to the owners, whereby the latter sustain injury. It may include negligence, if so gross as to evidence fraud.
333
Base Rate
A tariff term referring to ocean rate less accessorial charges, or simply the base tariff rate.
334
BCO
Abbreviation for “Beneficial Cargo Owner.” Refers to the importer of record, who physically takes possession of cargo at destination and does not act as a third party in the movement of such goods.
335
Beam
The width of a ship.
336
Beneficiary
– Entity to whom money is payable.
– The entity for whom a letter of credit is issued.
– The seller and the drawer of a draft.
337
Berth Terms
Shipped under a rate that does not include the cost of loading or unloading. Shipowner pays for loading and unloading.
338
Bilateral
A contract term meaning both parties agree to provide something for the other.
339
Bill of Exchange
In the United States, commonly known as a “Draft.” However, bill of exchange is the correct term.
340
Bill of Lading (B/L)
A document that establishes the terms of a contract between a shipper and a transportation company. It serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage and a receipt for goods.
341
B/L’s Type
refers to the type of B/L being issued. Some examples are: a Memo (ME), Original (OBL), Non–negotiable, Corrected (CBL) or Amended (AM) B/L.
342
Bill of Sale
Confirms the transfer of ownership of certain goods to another person in return for money paid or loaned.
343
Bill to Party
Customer designated as party paying for services.
344
Billed Weight
The weight shown in a waybill and freight bill, i.e, the invoiced weight.
345
Blanket Bond
A bond covering a group of persons, articles or properties.
346
Bond Port
Port of initial Customs entry of a vessel to any country. Also known as First Port of Call.
347
Bonded Freight
Freight moving under a bond to U.S. Customs or to the Internal Revenue Service, to be delivered only under stated conditions.
348
Bow
The front of a vessel.
349
Broker
A person who arranges for transportation of loads for a percentage of the revenue from the load.
350
Brokerage
Freight forwarder/broker compensation as specified by ocean tariff or contract.
351
Bulkhead
A partition separating one part of a ship, freight car, aircraft or truck from another part.
352
Bunker Charge
An extra charge sometimes added to steamship freight rates; justified by higher fuel costs. Also known as Fuel Adjustment Factor or FAF.
353
CAF
Abbreviation for “Currency Adjustment Factor.” A charge, expressed as a percentage of a base rate, that is applied to compensate ocean carriers of currency fluctuations.
354
Capesize Vessel
A dry bulk vessel above 80,000dwt or whose beam precludes passage via the Panama Canal and thus forces them to pass around Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope.
355
Captain’s Protest
A document prepared by the captain of a vessel on arriving at port; shows conditions encountered during voyage, generally for the purpose of relieving ship owner of any loss to cargo and shifting responsibility for reimbursement to the insurance company.
356
Cargo Tonnage
Most ocean freight is billed on the basis of weight or measurement tons (W/M). Weight tons can be expressed in short tons of 2000 pounds, long tons of 2240 pounds or metric tons of 1000 kilos (2204.62 pounds). Measurement tons are usually expressed as cargo measurement of 40 cubic feet (1.12 meters) or cubic meters (35.3 cubic feet.)
357
Carrier’s Certificate
A certificate required by U.S. Customs to release cargo properly to the correct party.
358
Certificate of Inspection
– A document certifying that merchandise (such as perishable goods) was in good condition immediately prior to its shipment.
– The document issued by the U.S. Coast Guard certifying an American
– Flag vessel’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
359
Certificate of Origin
A certified document showing the origin of goods; used in international commerce.
360
CI
Abbreviation for “Cost and Insurance.” A price that includes the cost of the goods, the marine insurance and all transportation charges except the ocean freight to the named point of destination.
361
CIF (Named Port)
Abbreviation for “Cost, Insurance, Freight.” (Named Port) Same as C&F or CFR except seller also provides insurance to named destination.
362
CIF&C
"Cost, Insurance, Freight." Price includes commission as well as CIF.
363
CIF&E
Abbreviation for “Cost, Insurance, Freight and Exchange.”
364
CIFCI
Abbreviation for “Cost, Insurance, Freight, Collection and Interest.”
365
CIFI&E
Abbreviation for “Cost, Insurance, Freight, Interest and Exchange.”
366
Claim
A demand made upon a transportation line for payment on account of a loss sustained through its alleged negligence.
367
Clean Bill of Lading
A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were received in “apparent good order and condition,” without damage or other irregularities .If no notation or exception is made, the B/L is assumed to be “cleaned.”
368
COGSA
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act. U.S. federal codification passed in 1936 which standardizes carrier’s liability under carrier’s bill of lading. U.S. enactment of The Hague Rules.
369
Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)
Cost of goods, marine insurance and all transportation (freight) charges are paid to the foreign point of delivery by the seller.
370
Customs of the Port (COP)
A phrase often included in charter parties and freight contracts referring to local rules and practices which may impact upon the costs borne by the various parties.
371
Despatch
An incentive payment paid by the vessel to the charterer for loading and unloading the cargo faster than agreed. Usually negotiated only in charter parties. Also called “dispatch.”
372
Det Norske Veritas
A Norwegian classification society which certifies seagoing vessels for compliance to standardized rules regarding construction and maintenance.
373
Differential
An amount added or deducted from base rate to make a rate to or from some other point or via another route.
374
Dockage
Refers to the charge assessed against the vessel for berthing at the facility or for morring to a vessel so berthed.
375
Draft
– The number of feet that the hull of a ship is beneath the surface of the water.
– An unconditional order in writing, addressed by one party (drawer) to another party (drawee), requiring the drawee to pay at a fixed or determinable future date a specified sum in lawful currency to the order of a specified person.
376
Drawee
The individual or firm that issues a draft and thus stands to receive payment.
377
ETA, C, D, R, S
– Estimated Time of Arrival, Completion, Departure, Readiness, or Sailing
– Estimated Time of Availability. That time when a tractor/partner carrier is available for dispatch.
378
FMC (F.M.C.)
Federal Maritime Commission. The U.S. Governmental regulatory body responsible for administering maritime affairs including the tariff system, freight forwarder licensing, enforcing the conditions of the Shipping Act and approving conference or other carrier agreements.
379
Force Majeure
The title of a common clause in contracts, exempting the parties for non–fulfillment of their obligations as a result of conditions beyond their control, such as earthquakes, floods or war.
380
Fore and Aft
The direction on a vessel parallel to the center line.
381
Free In and Out (FIO)
Cost of loading and unloading a vessel is borne by the charterer/shipper.
382
Free of Particular Average (FPA)
A marine insurance term meaning that the assurer will not allow payment for partial loss or damage to cargo shipments except in certain circumstances, such as stranding, sinking, collision or fire.
383
Free on Board (FOB – U.S. Domestic Use)
Shipped under a rate that includes costs of delivery to and the loading onto a carrier at a specified point. FOB Vessel: Seller is responsible for goods and preparation of export documentation until actually placed aboard the vessel.
384
Free Out (FO)
Cost of unloading a vessel is borne by the charterer.
385
Free Time
That amount of time that a carrier’s equipment may be used without incurring additional charges. (See Storage, Demurrage or Per Diem.)
386
Freight
Refers to either the cargo carried or the charges assessed for carriage of the cargo.
387
Freight Bill
A document issued by the carrier based on the bill of lading and other information; used to account for a shipment operationally, statistically, and financially.An Invoice.
388
Full and Down
An expression to describe a loaded vessel carrying cargoes of such a volume and weight that it fills all the vessel’s spaces and also brings her down to her tonnage loadline. A rare but optimum revenue condition for a vessel operator.
389
Hague Rules, The
A multilateral maritime treaty adopted in 1921 (at The Hague, Netherlands). Standardizes liability of an international carrier under the Ocean B/L. Establishes a legal “floor” for B/L. See COGSA
390
Hatch
The opening in the deck of a vessel; gives access to the cargo hold.
391
Immediate Exportation
An entry that allows foreign merchandise arriving at one port to be exported from the same port without the payment of duty.
392
In Bond
Cargo moving under Customs control where duty has not yet been paid.
393
Indemnity Bond
An agreement to hold a carrier harmless with regard to a liability.
394
Intercoastal
Water service between two coasts; in the U.S., this usually refers to water service between the Atlantic and Pacific or Gulf Coasts.
395
Knot
One nautical mile (6,076 feet or 1852 meters) per hour. In the days of sail, speed was measured by tossing overboard a log which was secured by a line. Knots were tied into the line at intervals of approximately six feet. The number of knots measured was then compared against time required to travel the distance of 1000 knots in the line.
396
L/C
Abbreviation for “Letter of Credit.”
397
Lading
Refers to the freight shipped; the contents of a shipment. A document, issued by a bank per instructions by a buyer of goods, authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms, usually the receipt by the bank of certain documents within a given time. Some of the specific descriptions are:
398
Letter of Indemnity
A letter of indemnity is a document which the shipper indemnifies the shipping company against the implications of claims that may arise from the issue of a clean Bill of Lading when the goods were not loaded in accordance with the description in the Bill of Lading.
399
List
The amount in degrees that a vessel tilts from the vertical.
400
Lloyds’ Registry
An organization maintained for the surveying and classing of ships so that insurance underwriter
401
Manifest
Document that lists in detail all the bills of lading issued by a carrier or its agent or master for a specific voyage. A detailed summary of the total cargo of a vessel. Used principally for Customs purposes.
402
Marine Insurance
Broadly, insurance covering loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier.
403
Memorandum Bill of Lading
An in–house bill of lading. A duplicate copy.
404
Mile
A unit equal to 5,280 feet on land. A nautical mile is 6076.115.
405
NEC/NES/NOS
Abbreviation for “Not Elsewhere Classified.”
Abbreviation for “Not Elsewhere Specified.”
Abbreviation for “Not Otherwise Specified.”
406
Negotiable Instruments
A document of title (such as a draft, promissory note, check, or bill of lading) transferable from one person to another in good faith for a consideration. Non–negotiable bills of lading are known as “straight consignment.” Negotiable bills are known as “order b/l’s.”
407
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK)
A Japanese classification society which certifies seagoing vessels for compliance to standardized rules regarding construction and maintenance.
408
On Board
A notation on a bill of lading that cargo has been loaded on board a vessel. Used to satisfy the requirements of a letter of credit, in the absence of an express requirement to the contrary.
409
Original Bill of Lading (OBL)
A document which requires proper signatures for consummating carriage of contract. Must be marked as “original” by the issuing carrier.
410
POD
Abbreviation for:– Port of Discharge.– Port of Destination.– Proof of Delivery. A document required from the carrier or driver for proper payment.
411
POL
Abbreviation for:– Port of Loading.– Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants.
412
Port
– Harbor with piers or docks.
– Left side of a ship when facing forward.
– Opening in a ship’s side for handling freight.
413
Port of Call
Port where a ship discharges or receives traffic.
414
Port of Entry
Port where cargo is unloaded and enters a country.
415
Port of Exit
Place where cargo is loaded and leaves a country.
416
Reconsignment
Changing the consignee or destination on a bill of lading while shipment is still in transit. Diversion has substantially the same meaning.
417
RFQ
Request for quotation.
418
Roll
To re–book cargo to a later vessel.
419
SHEX
Saturday and Holidays Excluded.
420
SHINC
Saturday and Holidays Included.
421
Ship Chandler
An individual or company selling equipment and supplies for ships.
422
Slip
A vessel’s berth between two piers.
423
SSHEX
Abbreviation for Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays Excepted. Refers to loading and discharging of cargo as agreed to in the charter party. This indicates when time does not count in the calculation of demurrage and despatch.
424
Starboard
The right side of a ship when facing the bow.
425
Stern
The end of a vessel. Opposite of bow.
426
STC
Said to contain.
427
Straight Bill of Lading
A non–negotiable bill of lading which states a specific identity to whom the goods should be delivered.
428
STW
Said to weigh.
429
Tender
The offer of goods for transportation or the offer to place cars or containers for loading or unloading.
430
Tenor
Time and date for payment of a draft.
431
Terms of Sale
The point at which sellers have fulfilled their obligations so the goods in a legal sense could be said to have been delivered to the buyer. They are shorthand expressions that set out the rights and obligations of each party when it comes to transporting the goods.
432
FOB (Free On Board)
An International Term of Sale that means the seller fulfills his or her obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks to loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. (Note: The U.S. Government sometimes uses a made–up term “FOB Destination” to require the seller to take responsibility for delivering the goods at destination rather than the correct Incoterm of DDP.)
433
TBN
To Be Nominated (when the name of a ship is still unknown).
434
Through Rate
The total rate from the point of origin to final destination.
435
Time Charter
A contract for leasing between the ship owners and the lessee. It would state, e.g., the duration of the lease in years or voyages.
436
Turnaround
In water transportation, the time it takes between the arrival of a vessel and its departure.
437
Underway
A vessel is underway when it is not at anchor, made fast to the shore, or aground.
438
Wharf
A structure built on the shore of a harbor extending into deep water so that vessels may lie alongside. See also Dock and Pier.
439
Panama canal
Connects the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Currently has a limited role in global crude and petroleum product transport. The canals current size restrictions mean that vessels with capacities of roughly 400-550 thousand barrels of light sweet crude can safely pass through the canal. These are referred to as Panamax tankers.
440
Suez cancal
Located in Egypt is a major transit route from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and beyond that to North America. The Suez Canal saves an estimated 6,000 miles of travel around the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost point of Africa. Current limitations are a maximum draft of 66 feet and a width of 164 feet. A ship this size has a DWT of 900,000-1.3 million barrels. Most vessels however, do not transit the canal fully laden but unload into the Suez-Mediterranean (Sumed) Pipeline.
441
Strait of Malacca
Is located between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore land links the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and Pacific Ocean. It is the shortest sea route between the Persian Gulf suppliers and the markets of Asia. Vessels are limited to a draft of 82 feet. This is roughtly equal to a VLCC.
