Shifting Paradigms of International Development Flashcards
Historical origins of development
1944 Bretton Woods = US, Canada, W. Europe, Australia and Japan
- rules for commercial relations
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development & IMF
Decolonisation = US national security concern re. Cold War
Soviet ‘fraternal help’ in sub-Saharan Africa
US intervening on the model of the Marshall Plan (US aid to rebuild nations post-WW2 - remove trade barriers and regulation and modernise industry)
The Brandt Line (?)
1980s
Global North and South
GDP per capita
Out of date; lumps diverse societies together; there’s inequality in the North
The Modernisation Paradigm
includes (?;?)
Structural-functionalist
Development a process with no. of steps
Focus = internal structure of country
Rostow 1960: the stages of economic growth
- from traditional society to high-mass consumption
external influence and physical infrastructure = pre-conditions for take-off
The Dependency Paradigm (?;?) (?;?)
Gunder Frank 1969:
Undevelopment = traditional society; underdevelopment = due to exploitation; unequal power
Focus = position in international system
Wallerstein 70s and 80s world systems theory:
Core, semi-periphery and periphery
periphery depends economically on core; raw materials sold at bad prices
= import substitution - tariff imported goods highly (e.g. Brazil and Turkey 60s and 70s)
= delinking e.g. North Korea
Livelihood and the everyday
includes (?;?)
Previous accounts see people as victims of structure
Places people back at centre - agency to struggle, resist and rework structures
E.g. Work of Chambers since 1980 - calls for this and a participatory approach to development
The neoliberal turn
includes (?;?) (?;?)
1980s
“trade not aid” = deregulation of markets; economic globalisation
de Soto 2002 - property rights in Peru
- property rights and formalise informal trade = taxes and empowerment
BUT inequality not addressed
Yunus micro-credit - Grameen Bank est. 1983 - Bangladesh - small amount of start-up capital = financial independence Potential of people
Post-development (?;?)
Escobar 1995
Development tells people how to behave; poor are made subjects to it
= local action to address problems
= “degrowth”
BUT romanticism, essentialism, ignores unequal global trade
Human development
incl. (?;?)
universalist = all people lead a “good life”
Sen 1999 - capabilities / freedoms
- expanding freedom = end and means of development
- capability to lead lives we have reason to value
5 categories: political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, protective security
E.g. UN MDGs 2015: incl. universal primary education, gender equality and female empowerment, eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Education critique (?;?)
Bourdieu 1970s
Reproduces culture of dominant class
= social inequalities reproduced
Development, demography and climate change (?;?)
Dyson 2008
Demographic growth will mostly be in poor nations - if they develop economically will be big increase in per capita emissions
Adverse affects on poor:
- squatter and informal settlements - high pop. density, poor shelter, few resources, low adaptive capacity, vulnerable to urban flooding
Agricultural production in tropical and semi-tropical regions: unlikely to adapt to rapid temp. rise –> small reduction in food production = big increase in food price
The dialectics of social and environmental change (?;?)
Harvey 1996
All ecological projects are also soc/pol/econ ones
Created ecosystems tend to reflect the social systems that gave rise to them
“natural environmental conditions” aren’t the difference between US and Pakistan — it’s the historical geography of social processes through which environments have been transformed
Male bias in development (?;?)
Elson 1995
May have legal equality but struggle to exercise it
- e.g. rural land rights - vested in household heads = men
- e.g. urban equal pay - but informal sector or female only ghettos
= need emphasis on capabilities
Structural causes:
- no adequate/affordable child care
- no adequate income
= dependence
