Shell Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Upper airway disease is characterized by increased (expiratory/inspiratory) effort.
A
Inspiratory
2
Q
Lower airway disease is characterized by incresed (expiratory/inspiratory) effort.
A
Expiratory
3
Q
Pawing at the nose is indicative of (upper/lower) airway disease
A
Upper
4
Q
What is the hallmark of upper respiratory disease?
A
Nasal Discharge
5
Q
What is the hallmark of lower airway disease?
A
Coughing
6
Q
Nasal discharge is a hallmark of what type of disease?
(Can also be pulmonary parenchymal)
A
Nasal Cavity Disease
7
Q
What are the four types of nasal discharge?
A
Serous
Mucopurulent
Mucoid
Hemorrhagic
8
Q
Sneezing is a hallmark of what type of respiratory disease?
A
Nasal Cavity Dz
9
Q
Soft tissue obstruction will cause what type of sound?
A
Stertor
10
Q
Tracheal collapse will cause what type of breathing sound?
A
Stridor
11
Q
Snoring or gurgling noises are called?
A
Stertor
12
Q
A whine on inspiration is called what type of sound?
A
Stridor
13
Q
A rigid obstruction will cause what type of breathing sound?
A
Stridor
14
Q
Laryngeal paralysis will cause what type of breathing sound?
A
Stridor
15
Q
A cough is indicative of what diseases?
A
Tracheal Disease
Lower lung disease
Cardiac Disease
16
Q
Labored breathing, characterized by air hunger
A
Dyspnea
17
Q
Overall cause of dyspnea?
A
HYPOXEMIA
18
Q
What are the five things that contribute to dyspnea?
A
Insufficient O2
Insufficient ventilation
Insufficient circulation
Insufficient RBCs
Abnormal Hemoglobin
19
Q
Term for only breathing in an upwright position with abducted elbows…
A
Orthopnea
20
Q
Orhopnea is characteristic of what respiratory dz?
A
Pleural Dz
21
Q
Normal lung sound heard on expiration, especially over the hilus…
A
Bronchial
22
Q
Normal lung sound heard on inspiration, best heard in the peripheral lung field…described as rustling leaves
A
Vesicular
23
Q
Normal lung sound mostly heard on expiration, heard at the central airway. Harsh, increased.
A
Bronchovesicular
24
Q
What are crackles from?
A
Fluid- snapping of airways
25
What are wheezes from?
Air flowing through a small opening
26
During what part of the respiratory cycle are wheezes heard?
Expiration
27
A collapsed intrathoracic trachea, carina or mainstem bronchi will cause what abnormal sound?
Snap over the hilus at the end of expiration
28
Tracheal collapse will cause what sound?
Goose honk/Kazoo
29
Pleural friction will cause what sound?
Creaking/Grating
30
What is the most important diagnostic tool for respiratory disease?
Imaging
31
What direction do you enter the nose for a rhinoscopy?
Mediodorsal
32
You should not pass this location of the skull for a blind nasal biopsy...Why?
Medial Canthus of the eye
Cribriform Plate Penetration
33
A transtracheal wash or aspirate is performed in what animals?
Medium or large breed dogs
34
What is the landmark in the trachea for transtracheal wash?
Cricothyroid ligament
35
Endotracheal and transoral wash are indicated in what animals?
Small dogs, Cats
36
What is the most likely cause of nasal discharge in old dogs? Young dogs?
Old = carcinoma
Young = aspergillosis
37
A sudden onset of acute sneezing is indicative of what?
Nasal foreign body
38
Describe the nasal discharge with foreign bodies
Serous -\> mucopurulent
39
What are the ddx for rhinitis?
Infectious (viral/bacterial/fungal)
Parasitic
Allergic
Lymphocytic plasmacytic
40
What agents make up 90% of upper respiratory disease in cats?
Herpesvirus
Calicivirus
41
What signs are associated with herpes in cats?
Ulcers (hallmark)
Associated with the eyes
42
What signs are associated with calicivirus in cats?
Ulcers in the oral cavity
Pneumonia
Limping Kitten Syndrome
43
What signs are associated with chlamydophila in cats?
Conjunctivitis with chemosis (edema)
44
What disease in cats is caused by herpesvirus?
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
45
Describe "snuffler" and what causes it
Caused by herpesvirus
Turbinate damage predisposes to secondary bacterial infections of the nasal cavity
46
How would you adminidter the feline herpes vaccine in the case of an outbreak?
Intranasal
47
What are the signs of limping kitten syndrome?
Lameness
Ulcers on paw
Sore joints
48
T/F: Bacterial rhinitis is a top ruleout for runny nose
**False!!!**
**It is never a top ruleout and is very rarely a primary disease process**
49
If you see nasal ulceration and depigmentation, what is the most likely cause?
Aspergillosis
50
Why are radiographs not good for nasal aspergillosis?
Cant distinguish between neoplasia and fungal rhinitis
CT/MRI better
51
Plaques in the nasal cavity is indicitave of what?
Aspergillosis
52
Tx for nasal aspergillosis?
1% clotrimazole or 2% enilconazole in nasal cavity over 1 hour
53
What test should you do to diagnose cryptococcosis in a cat?
Serum titer
| (antigen test)
54
What are the signs of a dog affected by Pneumonyssus caninum?
Sneezing
Reverse sneezing
55
T/F: Dogs on heartworm prevention can still be infected by Pneumonyssus caninum
False
56
What type of discharge will you most commonly see with LPR?
Mucoid or mucopurulent
But can be serous or hemorrhagic
57
What signs are seen with LPR?
Sneezing
Ocular d/c
Reverse sneeze
Stertor
58
Tx for LPR?
No effective protocols
59
How does Aspergillosis differ from neoplasia in regards to nasal airflow?
Airflow is not disrupted with Aspergillosis but there is a loss of airflow with neoplasia
60
What is the treatment of choice for nasal cancer?
Radiation
61
Which type of nasal cancer is chemotherapy effective against?
Lymphosarcoma
62
What are the most comon types of nasal cancer in dogs?
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
63
What are the most common types of nasal cancer in cats?
Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
64
T/F: Nasal neoplasia can result in exopthalmia, facial distortion, and sneezing
True
65
T/F: The main clinical sign associated with nasal mites is sneezing
True
66
T/F: Nasal aspergillus does not respond to systemic antifungal therapy
True
67
T/F: "Wisp of cotton" in from on the nares could indicate obstructive process of 'wisp' does not move with dog's breaths
True
68
Tx for Primary ciliary dyskinesia?
No treatment
69
What is the classic presentation for a dog with primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Young, purebred dog with recurrent respiratory tract infections/signs
70
What is the most common sign of tracheal and bronchial disease?
Cough
71
Which Kennel Cough organisms cause mild signs?
Parainfluenza
Canine adenovirus 2
72
Which Kennel Cough organisms cause mild to severe signs?
Mycoplasma
Bordetella
73
What organism most commonly causes Kennel Cough?
Bordetella
74
**Complicated or uncomplicated Kennel cough:**
**not "sick", involves only upper airways, elicitable "dry cough" on tracheal palpation, serous oculonasal d/c, gagging, retching**
**Uncomplicated**
75
**Complicated or uncomplicated Kennel Cough:**
**"Sick", involves upper and lower airways, "moist cough", oculonasal d/c more mucopurulent, may develop bronchopneumonia**
**Complicated**
76
If a dog coughs up blood what are you thinking?
Complicated canine influenza
77
What parasite causes cream colored nodules in the trachea?
Oslerus Osleri
78
Goose honk cough = ?
Collapsing trachea
79
Dogs with collapsing trachea usually have this strange systemic sign and why
Hepatomegaly
Probably due to oxygen deprivation
80
What is the best to Dx collapsing trachea?
Bronchoscopy
Can grade the extent of collapse
81
Signalment for chronic canine bronchitis
Small breeds, usually 6+ years, often obese
82
PE findings of chronic canine bronchitis?
Crackles
Expiratory wheezes
**May have concurrent tracheal collapse of mitral insufficiency**
83
What is the best treatment for chronic canine bronchitis?
Metered dose inhaler (MDI) $$$
84
Compare asthma sounds to pleural effusion sounds
Asthma = wheezes, crackles, increased expiratory effort
Pleural effusion = muffled sounds
85
What radiographic pattern is most comonly seen with feline asthma?
Bronchial pattern
86
What steroid do you use to manage acute vs chronic asthma?
Acute = dex
Chronic = pred
87
When is there more respiratory effort for pulmonary diseases?
During expiration
88
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in dogs?
Bacterial
89
T/F: Radiographs can help you distinguish the etiology of pneumonia
True
90
Is primary bacterial pneumonia more common in younger or older dogs? What is it normally caused by?
Younger
Bordetella, Pasteurella
91
What lung patterns are seen with bacterial pneumonia?
Alveolar pattern
Cranialventral distribution
92
What is the cause of this pneumonia?
Bacterial
93
What hemogram abnormalities will you see with bacterial pneumoina?
Neotrophilic leukocytosis with left shift
Monocytosis if chronic
94
How long should you treat an animal with bacterial pneumonia?
4-8 weeks especially if secondary
95
Supportive care for bacterial pneumonia?
IV fluids
Oxygen
Coupage
+/- Bronchodilators
96
When testing for mycotic pneumonia, are you testing for antigens or antibodies?
Antigens
97
What agents can cause mycotic pneumonia?
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
Aspergillosis
98
Mycotic pneumonia in Arizona = ?
Coccidiomycosis
99
Mycotic pneumonia in Ohio river Valley area = ?
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
100
If an animal has mycotic pneumonia with GI signs, what is the causative agent?
Histoplasmosis
101
What serology test do you run for cryptococcus?
Serum antigen
102
What serology test do you run for blasto?
Urine antigen
103
What serology test do you run for histo?
Urine antigen
104
What serology test do you run for valley fever?
Urine antigen
105
How long is treatment for mycotic pneumonia?
4-12+ months
106
Side effect of Amphotericin B?
Nephrotixic - monitor BUN and creatinine, look for casts
107
How do the recovery rates of blasto, crypto, and coccidio compare?
Coccidio = 60%
Blasto and crypto = 80%
108
What parasitic organisms are associated with parasitic pneumonia in the cat?
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus (cat lungworm)
Paragonimus killicoti (dog/cat lung fluke)
109
What parasitic organism is associated with parasitic pneumonia in the dog?
Paragonimus killicoti (dog/cat lung fluke)
110
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus infection can be confused with what other condition?
Feline asthma
111
What is the cause of the pneumonia?
Mycotic
112
What is the cause of the pneumonia?
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus (parasitic)
113
What would you use to treat Aleurostrongylus abstrusus infection in cats?
Fenbendazole or Ivermectin
114
What is a complication of Paragonimus kellicoti infection?
Cyst rupture causing pneumothorax
115
What is the cause of this pneumonia?
Paragonimus kellicoti
notice the cyst
116
What is the common signalment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Terriers (Westies)
Middle to older
Some cats
117
What is the hallmark finding of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Inspiratory crackles
118
What is the difinitive diagnosis for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Lung biopsy
119
What disease is shown in this radiograph?
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
120
What lung pattern is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Interstitial pattern
121
What is commonly given to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Corticosteroids with bronchodilators
122
What are the primary types of pulmonary neoplasia?
Adenocarcinoma
SCC
123
What types of metastatic neoplasia can affect the lungs?
Adenocarcinoma
Osteosarcoma/condrosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma
Oral/digital melanoma
SCC
124
How many views do you need to diagnose pulmonary neoplasia?
**3 VIEWS**
125
What is the most common mechanism of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
Increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability
126
What pulmonary insults would increase alveolar-capillary membrane permeability?
Aspiration
Upper airway obstruction
Smoke
127
What non-pulmonary insults would increase alveolar-capillary membrane permeability?
Sepsis
Electric shock
CNS disease
Pancreatitis
DIC
128
What would you hear on ascultation of an animal with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
Crackles
129
What would you see on thoracic rads of an animal with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
Perihilar infiltrate
Bilateral alveolar pattern
Caudodorsal lung fields affected
130
What is the major difference between ALI and ARDS?
Degree of hypoxemia
131
ALI/ARDS are most commonly a sequela of what processes?
Sepsis
Shock
Bacterial pneumonia
132
How long can it take to see rad changes for pulmonary contusions?
2-12 hours
So if you dont see it at first, check again in a little bit
133
What breed is predisposed to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?
Siberian husky
134
T/F: Lack of response to antibiotics is common with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
True
135
PE findings associated with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?
Harsh crackles
Expiratory wheezes
Moist cough on tracheal palpation
136
How long is treatment for eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?
Longterm-forever
137
If there is severe respiratory distress without significant radiographic changes, what do you think?
Acute pulmonary thromboembolism
138
Animal has PTE. If it also has IMHA or heartworm, what do you use to treat it?
Prednisolone
139
Animal has PTE. If it also has DIC or is hypercoagulable, what do you treat it with?
Low dose heparin
140
