Sheet1-Table 1 Flashcards
1
Q
submandibular triangel
A
boarders are mandible, posterior digastric and anterior digastric; contains submandibular gland, submandibular nodes, facial a and hypoglossal nerve
2
Q
submental triangle
A
boarders are anterior digastric, hyoid, and contralateral anterior digastric, contains nodes
3
Q
carotid triangle
A
boarders are sternocleidomastoid, superior belly of omohyiod, and posterior digastric muscle, contains carotid sheath, hypoglossal n, external carotid branches and nodes
4
Q
occipital triangle
A
boarders are trapezius, sternocliedomastiod, and inferior belly of omohyiod, contains accessory nerve, brachial plexus trunks and nodes
5
Q
subclavian triangle
A
boarders are inferior belly of omohyiod, sternocliedomastiod, and clavicle, contains subclavian a and nodes’
6
Q
suboccipital triangle
A
boarders are rectus capitis, posterior major, superior oblique, inferior oblique, greater occipital nerve from dorsal ramus C2 passes inferior and posterior (superficial) to inferior oblique, rectus capitis posterior minor passes medial to traingle
7
Q
meninges layers
A
from superficial to deep- outer layer of dura mater (continuous with periosteum), inner layer of dura, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space (contains cerebral spinal fluid), and pia mater (extend down spinal cord)
8
Q
arachnoid villi
A
small protrusions of the arachnoid (the thin second layer covering the brain) through the dura mater (the thick outer layer). They protrude into the venous sinuses of the brain, and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the sub-arachnoid space and enter the blood stream
9
Q
falx cerebri
A
a strong, arched fold of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres.
10
Q
falx cerebelli
A
a small sickle shaped fold of dura mater, projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch as well as projecting into the vallecula of the cerebellum between the two cerebellar hemispheres.
11
Q
tentorium cerebeli
A
an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes
12
Q
lobes of the cerebrum
A
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
13
Q
central sulcus
A
a fold in the cerebral cortex, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex
14
Q
lateral fissure
A
divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below
15
Q
diencephalon
A
within cerebrum, inferior to telencephalon, optic nerve, tract, and chiasm enter it
16
Q
Infundibulum
A
alternative name for the pituitary stalk, the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
17
Q
mammillary bodies
A
a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain, that, as part of the diencephalon form part of the limbic system
18
Q
midbrain
A
where oculomtor and trochlear nerve leave
19
Q
cerebral peduncles
A
also known as the cerebral crus, are the part of the midbrain that link the remainder of the brainstem to the cerebrum.
20
Q
pons
A
where the trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves originate
21
Q
medulla
A
where the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves originate
22
Q
pyramids
A
two ridge-like structures that travel along the ventral portion of the length of the medulla oblongata, medial of olive
23
Q
olives
A
a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem, located on the anterior surface of the medulla lateral to the pyramid
24
Q
atrium of nasal cavity
A
The anterior expanded portion of the middle meatus of the nose, just above the vestibule.
25
vestibule of nasal cavity
the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It is enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin
26
inferior meatus
contains opening of the nasolacrimal duct
27
middle meatus
contains openings of the ethmoidal air cells, nasofrontal duct (frontal sinus), and maxillary sinus
28
hiatus semilunaris
a crescent-shaped groove in the middle meatus of the nasal cavity just inferior to the ethmoidal bulla. It is the location of the openings for the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and anterior ethmoidal sinus
29
superior meatus
contains opening for the posterior ethmoidal air cells
30
sphenoethmoidal recess
superior to the superior chonchae, contains opening of the sphenoid sinus
31
nasal septum
composed of spetal cartilage, crest of maxillary, crest of palatine (inferior), volmer (middle), perpindicular plate of ethmoid (superior)
32
nasal conchae
shell- shaped, superior, middle, ( ethmoid bone) and inferior (is an independent bone)
33
ethmoidal bulla
a swelling formed on the lateral wall of the middle meatus, is produced by the middle ethmoidal air cells, these air sinuses communicate with the meatus just superiorly to the bulla
34
Frontal sinus
drains into middle meatus via frontonasal duct
35
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
drain into middle meatus via frontonasal duct
36
Middle ethmoidal air cells
drain into middle meatus via hiatus semilunaris
37
Posterior ethmoidal air cells
drain into superior meatus
38
Maxillary sinus
drains into middle meatus
39
cornea
the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber
40
iris
a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina
41
pupil
a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina
42
sclera
also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber, continuous with dural sheet of the optic nerve
43
conjunctiva
lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (white part of the eye)
44
caruncle
the small, pink, globular nodule at the inner corner (the medial angle) of the eye
45
palpebral commissures
either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet
46
fornices
line of reflexion of the conjunctiva from the eyelid to the eyeball.
47
palpebral fissure
the opening between the eye lids
48
lacus lacrimalis
a triangular space separating the medial ends of the upper and the lower eyelids at the inner canthus where the tears collect, an extension of the medial canthus and contains the lacrimal caruncle.
49
orbital septum
a membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit, extends from the orbital rims to the eyelids, and forms the fibrous portion of the eyelids, reflection of periostuim
50
medial palpebral ligament
attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus
51
lacrimal gland
paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film, are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone
52
papilla and punctum
At the basal angles of the lacus lacrimalis, on the margin of each eyelid, is a small conical elevation, the lacrimal papilla, the apex of which is pierced by a small orifice, the punctum lacrimale, the commencement of the lacrimal duct.
53
canaliculi
the small channels in each eyelid that commence at the puncta lacrimalia, lead to lacrimal sac
54
nasolacrimal duct and sac
the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla
55
tarsal plate
thickening in upper lid
56
articular disc of tmj
Dense fibrous (not fibrocartilage) CT disc, “convex” upper and “concave lower surfaces, peripheral annulus with central depression, has upper elastic posterior lamina (gliding), lower non-elastic posterior lamina (hinge). Attachments-lateral pterygoid tendon, head of mandibular, circumference of fibrous capsule and squamotympanic fissure (upper)
57
TMJ capsular attachments
edge of articular fossa, squamotympanic fissure, neck of mandible, circumference of articular disc
58
characteristics of TMJ capsule
Loose upper fibers, tight lower fibers
59
TMJ ligaments
include lateral temporomandibular ligament and sphenomandibular ligament
60
Jaw Movements
protrusion / retrusion, elevation / depression, side to side grinding (trituration)
61
TMJ innervation
auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular branch of trigeminal) and masseteric nerve (mandibular branch of trigeminal)
62
posterior cerebral artery
passes to medial aspect of temporal and occipital lobe and to lateral aspect of occipital lobe, oculomotor nerve passes inbetween this and superior cerebellar
63
middle cerebral artery
passes to lateral sulcus/ fissure between temporal, frontal, and parietal lobe to lateral surface
64
anterior cerebral artery
passes to medial aspect of cerebrum and middle aspect of frontal and pariental lobe
65
lingual frenulum
a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue.
66
sublingual papilla
a small fold of soft tissue located on each side of the frenulum linguae binding the lips to the gums within the mouth
67
sublingual fold
the crescent-shaped area on the floor of the oral cavity following the medial wall of the mandible and tapering toward the molar regions.
68
sublingual gland
lie anterior to the submandibular gland inferior to the tongue, as well as beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth
69
submandibular gland
Lying superior to the digastric muscles and posterior and superior to mylohyoid
70
submandibular duct
begins by numerous branches from the deep surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoideus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, then between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus, and opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small papilla at the side of the frenulum linguæ.
71
sulcus terminalis
a shallow groove that runs laterally and forward on either side from the foramen caecum to the margin of the tonguedivides the tongue into pharyngeal and oral parts. The pharyngeal part is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve and oral part is supplied by lingual nerve from chorda tympani
72
foramen caecum
The foramen cecum is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the embryological descent of the thyroid gland.
73
lingual tonsil
rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue
74
soft palate
uvula, anterior surface is in oral cavity, posterior surface is in oral pharynx
75
tubal elevation
also known as the auditory tube or pharyngealtympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. Behind the opening of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess
76
torus tubarius
the raised elevation around the eustachian tube, posterior portion forms the salpingopharyngeal fold
77
palatoglossal fold
on either side runs downward, lateral (to the side), and forward to the side of the base of the tongue, and is formed by the projection of the glossopalatine muscle with its covering mucous membrane. It is the anterior border of tonsilar sinus and marks the border between the mouth and the pharynx
78
palatopharyngeal fold
is larger and projects farther toward the middle line than the Palatoglossal arch; it runs downward, lateralward, and backward to the side of the pharynx, and is formed by the projection of the Pharyngopalatinus, covered by mucous membrane, forms the posterior boarder of tonsilar sinus
79
salpingopharyngeal fold
a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle
80
salpingopalatine fold
a smaller fold extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.
81
glosso-epiglottic fold
The anterior or lingual surface of the epiglottis is curved forward, and covered on its upper, free part by mucous membrane which is reflected on to the sides and root of the tongue, forming a median and two lateral glossoepiglottic folds; the lateral folds are partly attached to the wall of the pharynx.
82
oropharyngeal isthmus
a part of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth cavity, bounded superiorly by the soft palate, laterally by the palatoglossal arches, and inferiorly by the tongue.
83
pharyngeal recess
the recess behind the eustacian tube
84
tonsilar sinus
the depression between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches occupied by the palatine tonsil.
85
valleculae
a depression (vallecula) just behind the root of the tongue between the glosso-epiglotic folds in the throat. These depressions serve as "spit traps"; saliva is temporarily held in the valleculae to prevent initiation of the swallowing reflex
86
piriform recess
On either side of the laryngeal orifice is a recess, which is bounded medially by the aryepiglottic fold, laterally by the thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane.
87
palatine tonsil
located in the tonsilar sinus, the anterior being the palatoglossal arch, and the posterior being the palatopharyngeal arch
88
pharyngeal tonsil
a mass of lymphatic tissue situated posterior to the nasal cavity, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the throat.
89
thyroid gland
below the thyroid cartilage, contains two lobes attached by the isthmus
90
parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone (increses) and calcitonin (decreases, one of the hormones made by the thyroid gland) have key roles in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones.
91
carotid bodies
is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork (bifurcation) of the carotid artery
92
vestibule of the larynx
laryngeal cavity superior to the vestibular folds
93
ventricle of the larynx
laryngeal cavity between the vestibular and vocal folds
94
Infraglottic cavity
laryngeal cavity inferior to the vocal folds
95
Laryngeal prominence
formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx, adams apple, It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak,
96
vestibular folds
attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the attachment of the epiglottis, and behind to the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage,
97
vocal folds
attached posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilages, and anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage
98
cricoid cartilage
sits just inferior to the thyroid cartilage in the neck, and is joined to it medially by the median cricothyroid ligament and postero-laterally by the cricothyroid joints. Inferior to it are the rings of cartilage around the trachea (which are not continuous - rather they are C-shaped with a gap posteriorly), the thyroid isthmus is inferior to it, the two lobes of the thyroid extend superiorly on each side of the cricoid as far as the thyroid cartilage above it.
99
lamina of cricoid cartilage
The posterior part of the cricoid, is slightly broader
100
arch of the cricoid cartilage
the anterior part
101
thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage forms the bulk of the anterior wall of the larynx, and serves to protect the vocal folds ("vocal cords"), which are located directly behind it. Changing the angle of the thyroid cartilage relative to the cricoid cartilage changes the pitch.
102
laminae of thyroid cartilage
The two laminae that make up the main lateral, surfaces of the thyroid cartilage extend obliquely to cover either side of the trachea. The oblique line marks the superior lateral borders of the thyroid gland.
103
inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage
articulate with cricoid cartilage
104
superior cornu of thyroid cartilage
is long and narrow, directed upward, backward, and medialward, and ends in a conical extremity, which gives attachment to the lateral hyothyroid ligament
105
arytenoid cartilage
Its lateral angle is called the muscular process, Its anterior angle is called the vocal process. The apex of each cartilage is pointed, curved backward and medialward, and surmounted by a small conical, cartilaginous nodule, the corniculate cartilage.
106
corniculate caratilages
two small conical nodules consisting of elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially.
107
cuneiform cartilage
are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold.[1]
108
median cricothyroid ligament
connects together the front parts of the contiguous margins of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages
109
lateral cricothyroid ligament
extend from the superior border of the cricoid cartilage to the inferior margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous.
110
thyrohyoid membrane
a broad, fibro-elastic layer, attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of the body and greater cornua of the hyoid bone, thus passing behind the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid
