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Kinesiology Muscle unit > shayan study > Flashcards

shayan study Flashcards

1
Q

What is excitability/ irritability in muscles?

A

Ability to respond to stimuli.

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2
Q

What is contractility in muscles?

A

Ability to contract and generate force.

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3
Q

What is extensibility in muscles?

A

Ability to lengthen in response to stimuli

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4
Q

What is elasticity in muscles?

A

Ability to return to original shape after stretching.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary, non-striated, found in organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels).

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary, striated, attached to bones.

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8
Q

What is the parallel arrangement of muscle fibres?

A

Fibres run along the length (e.g., biceps brachii).

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9
Q

What is the pennate arrangement of muscle fibres?

A

fibres arranged at oblique angles
(e.g., deltoids).

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10
Q

What is the convergent arrangement of muscle fibres?

A

Broad origin, fibres converge (e.g., pectoralis major).

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11
Q

What is the circular arrangement of muscle fibres?

A

Form rings (e.g., around mouth).

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12
Q

What is the muscle belly?

A

Whole muscle.

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13
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of muscle fibres.

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14
Q

What are muscle fibres?

A

Individual muscle cells.

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15
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Contractile elements.

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16
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Actin: Thin filament. Myosin: Thick filament.

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17
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

A

Synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fibre.

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18
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electrical impulse that triggers muscle contraction.

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19
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

Increasing the number of motor units activated for more force.

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20
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

Muscle fibres in a motor unit contract fully or not at all.

21
Q

What is the role of ATP in excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Powers myosin head movement and detachment.

22
Q

What is myosin ATPase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down ATP for energy.

23
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

A

Binds to troponin, allowing actin-myosin interaction.

24
Q

What is a powerstroke?

A

Myosin pulls actin filament, causing contraction.

25
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-bridges. Myosin pulls actin inward (powerstroke). ATP is required to detach myosin heads and reset the cycle.

26
Q

What are slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

High endurance, aerobic, fatigue-resistant. (Marathon runner legs)

27
Q

What are fast twitch Type IIa muscle fibres?

A

Intermediate, moderate endurance and power. (Quad’s of Cyclist)

28
Q

What are fast twitch Type IIb muscle fibres?

A

High power, anaerobic, fatigues quickly. (Gastrocnemius of sprinter)

29
Q

What are tonic muscles?

A

High endurance, postural.

30
Q

What are phasic muscles?

A

Quick, powerful movements.

31
Q

What are the biochemical properties of muscle fibres?

A

Different fibre types have specific enzymes (e.g., oxidative enzymes in Type I).

32
Q

What energy systems do muscle fibres rely on?

A

Type I relies on aerobic metabolism; Type IIb relies on anaerobic glycolysis.

33
Q

What determines force production in skeletal muscles?

A

Determined by fibre type and recruitment.

34
Q

What is the speed of contraction in muscle fibres?

A

Faster in Type II fibres.

35
Q

What is fatigue resistance in muscle fibres?

A

High in Type I fibres.

36
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

Single contraction from one stimulus.

37
Q

What is summation in muscle contraction?

A

Increased force with rapid stimuli.

38
Q

What is tetanus in muscle contraction?

A

Sustained contraction with no relaxation.

39
Q

How is force regulated in muscle?

A

Motor Unit Recruitment: Activating more units increases force. Frequency of Stimulation: Higher frequency produces greater force. Length-Tension Relationship: Optimal length for maximum force.

40
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in muscle cell size due to training. (Anabolism)

41
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of muscle fibre (rare in humans).

42
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in muscle cell size due to inactivity or disease. (Catabolism)

43
Q

What is the role of a prime mover (agonist)?

A

Main muscle causing movement.

44
Q

What is the role of an antagonist?

A

Opposes the agonist.

45
Q

What is the role of synergists?

A

Assist the prime mover.

46
Q

What is the role of stabilizers (fixators)?

A

Stabilize a joint during movement.

47
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle contracts without changing length. (Hold the dumbbell half way)

48
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortens during contraction. (Curling a dumbbell up)

49
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthens under tension. (Curling a dumbbell down)

Kinesiology Muscle unit (6 decks)

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