SHARFTERED FOR THE LAST 3 LECTURES Flashcards
(1) What is autophagy
Process of self-eating, process where cytoplasmic material is delivered to lysosome inside double-membrane vesicles for degrading
(1) Why use autophagy
Provides cell with energy and metabolites, aa, lipids, nucleotides and sugars
- cell differenciation and developmental remodeling
- Removal of aggragtes and dammgaed organelles and pathogens
(1) 5 types of autophagy
1) Chaperone-mediated autophagy
2) Microautophagy
3) Xenophagy
4) Mitophagy, pexophagy and reticulophagy (autophagosome)
5) Macroautophagy (autophagosome)
(1) Autophagy related proteins that form autophagosome
1) PAS
2) mTORC1 complex
3) Atg1/Unc-51-like kinase (ULK1/2) complex
4) Atg conjugation system
5) Class III PI3K complex
6) Atg 8 conjugation system
7) Atg 18 repeat proteins
8) Atg9 multispan transmembrane protein
(1) What is selective autophagy
This is the quality control pathway where cellular components are put into double-membrane vesicles and delivered to specific intracellular compartments
(1) what is non-selective autophagy
Breaks down any crap due to an amino acid deficiency to get moar stuff for the cell i think
(2) What is programmed cell death
A mechanism to remove unwanted or disased cells from a multicellular organism
(2) Outline process of apoptosis
1) Signal and signal transuction
2) Catabolism of cellular components
3) Chromatin condensation + nucleus fragmentation
4) No morpholoical mods of organelles
5) Cell skrinkage
6) Intactness of mitochrondria and plasma membrane and shrinkage
7) Cell disintegration into apoptotic bodies)
8) Degradtion of phagocytic lysosomes of adjacent cells`
(2) Outline process of necrosis
1) External trigger (no genetic program or signal trans)
2) Cytoplasmic swelling
3) Moderate chromatin condensation
4) Expansion of organelles (mito, ER, golgi)
5) Rapture of PM causing inflammation response
(2) Difference between intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
In: Mitochondrial assembly of pro-apoptotic factors, uses caspase-9. INSIDE APOPTOSOME
Ex: Death ligand delivered to death receptor, uses caspase 8 INSIDE DISC
(2) Structure and function of apoptosome
Cytochrome C: Activates apoptosome assembly and apoptotic signalling in cytosol
Apaf-1: Apoptotic protease activiting factor-1
CARD: Caspase recruitment domain
WD40 repeat: Forms circular B-propellar strucutures
Winged helix domain: Interacts with ATP/ADP
(2) Name anti-apoptotic proteins
Bcl-2 family: act in intrinsic pathway
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family: Act in in and ex pathway
-They act by ubi caspases using a RING domain for E3 liagse activity
(2) Differences in plant PCD
1) No true death receptors
2) Vacuole
3) Cytochrome C is released
4) No Bcl-2 family
5) No caspases
(2) Things that have similar roles in plant PCD
Plants dont have caspases
- Distantly related metacaspases (MCs) and vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs)
- These have caspase activity
(3) Outline process of making MicroRNAs
1) Transcription (using RNA Pol II/III) Makes pri-miRNA
2) Cleaveage (using Drosha) Makes pre-miRNA
3) Nuclear export (using Exportin-5, Ran, GTP)
4) Cleavage (Dicer, TRBP) makes miRNA duplex
5) RISC formation (Argo2) makes mature miRNA
(3) 3 functions of miRNAs
1) mRNA target cleavage
2) Translational repression
3) mRNA deadenylation
